In May 2019, Lineage entered into a lease for approximately 8,841 square feet of rentable space in an office park in Carlsbad, California. The lease was amended in December 2022 and again in September 2025. Under the amendment entered into in September 2025, the term of the lease was extended for 36 months commencing on April 1, 2026, and commencing on December 1, 2025, the monthly base rent will be reduced from $26,700 to $24,800, subject to 3% annual increases and rent will be abated for April 2026 through July 2026. As security for the performance of its obligations under the lease, Lineage provided the landlord a security deposit of $17,850, which is included in deposits and other long-term assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2025.

In addition to base rent, Lineage pays a pro-rata portion of increases in certain expenses, including real property taxes, utilities (to the extent not separately metered to the leased space) and the landlord’s operating expenses, over the amounts of those expenses incurred by the landlord. These pro-rata charges are expensed as incurred and excluded from the calculation of the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities.

In September 2022, Lineage entered into a sublease for approximately 4,500 square feet of rentable industrial space in Carlsbad, California for a term that commenced on October 1, 2022 and was originally set to expire on March 31, 2024. In February 2024, Lineage extended the term of the sublease for 24 months through March 31, 2026 on similar terms. The base rent was $23,000 per month for the first twelve months of the extended term and is $23,500 for the remaining twelve months. As security for the performance of its obligations under the sublease, Lineage provided the landlord with a security deposit of $22,500, which is included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2025.

As of September 30, 2025, CCN leases approximately 2,096 square meters (approximately 22,600 square feet) of combined office and laboratory space in Jerusalem, Israel under a master lease, as amended, that expires December 31, 2027. Cumulative base rent and construction allowance payments are approximately 165,000 Israeli New Shekels (“ILS”) per month (approximately $50,000 as of September 30, 2025), excluding any future rent escalations, and includes options to extend the lease term for five years. The U.S. dollar value of the ILS denominated base rent and construction allowance payments fluctuates based upon currency exchange rates. In addition to base rent, CCN pays a pro-rata share of real property taxes and certain costs related to the operation and maintenance of the building in which the leased premises are located, including parking usage fees. These pro-rata charges are expensed as incurred and excluded from the calculation of the ROU assets and lease liabilities.

CCN has security deposits denominated in ILS with the landlord for this master lease which is classified as restricted cash during the term of the lease. The U.S. dollar value of the ILS denominated security deposits fluctuates based upon currency exchange rates and was $514,000 as of September 30, 2025, which is included in deposits and other long-term assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows (in thousands):


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	927	$	913
Operating cash flows from finance leases	$	5	$	6
Financing cash flows from finance leases	$	44	$	40

Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:
Operating leases	$	807	$	597
Finance leases	$	—	$	36

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows (in thousands, except lease term and discount rate):


	September 30, 2025			December 31, 2024
Operating leases
Right-of-use assets	$	2,310		$	2,144

Right-of-use lease liabilities, current	$	1,023		$	1,097
Right-of-use lease liabilities, noncurrent		1,515			1,295
Total operating lease liabilities	$	2,538		$	2,392

Finance leases
Right-of-use assets	$	216		$	204
Accumulated amortization		(139	)		(89	)
Right-of-use assets, net	$	77		$	115

Right-of-use lease liabilities, current	$	43		$	55
Right-of-use lease liabilities, noncurrent		40			67
Total finance lease liabilities	$	83		$	122

Weighted average remaining lease term
Operating leases	2.6 years			2.5 years
Finance leases	1.8 years			2.4 years

Weighted average discount rate
Operating leases		6.0	%		6.4	%
Finance leases		7.1	%		7.1	%

Future minimum lease commitments are as follows as of September 30, 2025 (in thousands):


	Operating Leases			Finance Leases
Year Ending December 31,
2025	$	317		$	17
2026		933			41
2027		1,072			30
2028		417			—
Total lease payments		2,739			88
Less imputed interest		(201	)		(5	)
Total	$	2,538		$	83

Operating lease expense was $0.3 million and $0.9 million for each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

In December 2021, Lineage entered into the Roche Agreement, wherein Lineage granted to Roche exclusive worldwide rights to develop and commercialize RPE cell therapies, including Lineage’s proprietary cell therapy known as OpRegen, for the treatment of ocular disorders, including GA secondary to AMD.

Under the terms of the Roche Agreement, Roche paid Lineage a $50.0 million upfront payment and Lineage is eligible to receive up to an additional $620.0 million in developmental, regulatory and commercialization milestone payments. Lineage also is eligible for tiered double-digit percentage royalties on net sales of OpRegen in the U.S. and other major markets. All regulatory and commercial milestone payments and royalty payments are subject to the existence of certain intellectual property rights that cover OpRegen at the time such payments would otherwise become due, and the royalty payments on net sales of OpRegen are subject to financial offsets based on the existence of competing products. Roche assumed responsibility for further clinical development and commercialization of OpRegen. Lineage is responsible for completing activities related to its ongoing phase 1/2a clinical study, for which enrollment is complete, and performing certain manufacturing and process development activities.

Unless earlier terminated by either party, the Roche Agreement will expire on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis upon the expiration of all of Roche’s payment obligations under the agreement. Roche may terminate the agreement in its entirety, or on a product-by-product or country-by-country basis, at any time with advance written notice. Either party may terminate the agreement in its entirety with written notice for the other party’s material breach if such party fails to cure the breach or upon certain insolvency events involving the other party.

In January 2022, Lineage received the $50.0 million upfront payment from Roche. Subsequently, Lineage, via CCN, made downstream payments to the IIA and to Hadasit Medical Research Services and Development Ltd. (“Hadasit”). Such payments were made in accordance with obligations under the Innovation Law (as discussed below) and under the terms of CCN’s agreements with Hadasit (as discussed below).

The OpRegen program was supported in part with licenses to technology obtained from Hadasit, the technology transfer company of Hadassah Medical Center, and through a series of research grants from the IIA, an independent agency created to address the needs of global innovation ecosystems. A subset of the intellectual property underlying OpRegen was originally generated at Hadassah Medical Center and licensed to CCN for further development.

Under the Encouragement of Research, Development and Technological Innovation in the Industry Law 5744, and the regulations, guidelines, rules, procedures and benefit tracks thereunder (collectively, the “Innovation Law”), annual research and development programs that meet specified criteria and were approved by a committee of the IIA were eligible for grants. The grants awarded were typically up to 50% of the project’s expenditures, as determined by the IIA committee and subject to the benefit track under which the grant was awarded.

The terms of the grants under the Innovation Law generally require that the products developed as part of the programs under which the grants were given be manufactured in Israel. The know-how developed thereunder may not be transferred outside of Israel unless prior written approval is received from the IIA. Transfer of IIA-funded know-how outside of Israel is subject to approval and payment of a redemption fee to the IIA calculated according to formulas provided under the Innovation Law. In November 2021, the IIA research committee approved an application made by CCN with respect to the grant of an exclusive license and transfer of the technological know-how for OpRegen to Roche. Under the provisions for the redemption fee, Lineage paid the IIA approximately 24.1% of the upfront payment it received under the Roche Agreement, or $12.1 million, and is obligated to pay the IIA approximately 24.1% of any milestone and royalty payments which may be received under the Roche Agreement, up to an aggregate cap on all payments, such cap growing over time via interest accrual until paid in full. As of September 30, 2025, the aggregate cap amount was approximately $96.9 million.

Pursuant to the Second Amended and Restated License Agreement, dated June 15, 2017, between CCN and Hadasit, and a certain letter agreement entered into on December 17, 2021, CCN paid a sublicensing fee to Hadasit of $8.9 million or 21.5% of the $50.0 million upfront payment under the Roche Agreement (subject to certain reductions), and CCN is obligated to pay Hadasit (i) a maximum of 21.5% of all milestone payments Lineage receives under the Roche Agreement (subject to certain reductions, including for costs

related to Lineage’s performance obligations under the Roche Agreement), and (ii) up to 50% of all royalty payments (subject to a maximum payment of 5% of net sales of products), Lineage receives under the Roche Agreement. The letter agreement generally terminates upon the termination of the Roche Agreement. In accordance with the terms of these agreements, the initial sublicensing fee payment to Hadasit was reduced for costs related to Lineage’s performance obligations under the Roche Agreement. To the extent such costs were not incurred within five years after the execution of the Roche Agreement, CCN would have been required to pay Hadasit 21.5% of the amount of costs not incurred; however to date, all such costs have been incurred.

Second Amendment to Clinical Trial and Option Agreement and License Agreement with Cancer Research UK

In May 2020, Lineage and Asterias entered into a Second Amendment to the Clinical Trial and Option Agreement (the “Second CTOA Amendment”) with CRUK and Cancer Research Technology (“CRT”). The Second CTOA Amendment amended the initial agreement and the first amendment to the Clinical Trial and Option Agreement, each of which is dated September 8, 2014, between Asterias, CRUK and CRT. Pursuant to the Second CTOA Amendment, Lineage assumed all obligations of Asterias and exercised early its option to acquire data generated in the Phase 1 clinical trial of VAC2 in non-small cell lung cancer being conducted by CRUK. Lineage and CRT effectuated the option by simultaneously entering into a license agreement (the “CRT License Agreement”) pursuant to which Lineage paid a signature fee of £1,250,000 (approximately $1.6 million based upon exchange rates in effect when the fee was paid).

Effective June 30, 2025, Lineage determined that it was no longer going to pursue the VAC2 program, and was going to cease development and commercialization of all products under the CRT License Agreement. In conjunction therewith, CRT notified Lineage of CRT’s termination of the CRT License Agreement, which it had the right to do if Lineage ceased all development and commercialization of all products under the CRT License Agreement. Further, in conjunction therewith, Lineage notified Immunomic Therapeutics, Inc. (“ITI”) of the termination of the collaboration agreement that Lineage had entered into with ITI in April 2021 (the “ITI Agreement”) in accordance with its terms. The Company has abandoned all future development efforts and will no longer prosecute any of the issued patents related to the VAC platform. Accordingly, the Company performed an impairment assessment of the VAC platform IPR&D intangible asset which resulted in a non-cash, pre-tax impairment charge during the quarter ended June 30, 2025 of $14.8 million. Additionally, Lineage recognized the remaining deferred revenue amount of approximately $0.7 million, as of the June 30, 2025 effective date of the termination of the ITI Agreement, since Lineage had no remaining performance obligations under such agreement. See Note 6 (Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net) to our condensed consolidated interim financial statements included in this report for additional information.

On August 22, 2025, Lineage and WDI entered into a research collaboration agreement (the “RCA”) to advance the preclinical development of ReSonance (ANP1) for the treatment of hearing loss (the “Project”). WDI will fund up to $12 million in research collaboration costs over the approximate three-year term of the RCA. The main objective of the RCA is for the parties to complete a preclinical phase achieving readiness to potentially progress to human clinical trials under one or more separate clinical agreements, the terms of which would be negotiated in good faith before the expiration of the RCA.

All intellectual property owned by a party prior to the date of the RCA will remain such party’s sole and exclusive property. The parties will jointly own all results, data, reports, know-how and patent(s) conceived or otherwise generated in the course of and resulting from the Project, other than discoveries or developments relating to Lineage’s proprietary platform technology.

If a party (the “abandoning party”) informs the other party (the “continuing party”) that it will not continue the research with the other party under a clinical agreement, the continuing party may purchase the abandoning party’s ownership interest in the intellectual property resulting from the Project for exploitation for the treatment of hearing loss and a license to the abandoning party’s background intellectual property to the extent necessary for such exploitation for an amount and on terms to be determined by the mutual agreement of the parties, and if such mutual agreement is not reached, by an independent third-party.

We have obligations under license agreements and grants received from government entities to make future payments to third parties, which become due and payable on the achievement of certain development, regulatory and commercial milestones or on the sublicense of our rights to another party. These commitments include sublicense fees, milestone payments, redemption fees and royalties. Sublicense fees are payable to licensors or government entities when we sublicense underlying intellectual property to third parties; the fees are based on a percentage of the license-related revenue we receive from sublicensees. Milestone payments are due to licensors or government entities upon the future achievement of certain development and regulatory milestones. Redemption fees due to the IIA under the Innovation Law are due upon receipt of any milestone or royalty payment received in respect of IIA-funded programs.

Royalties are payable to licensors or government entities based on a percentage of net sales of licensed products. As of September 30, 2025, we have not included these commitments on our condensed consolidated balance sheet because the achievement and timing of these events are not fixed and determinable.

From time to time, we are subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business. While management presently believes that the ultimate outcome of these proceedings, individually and in the aggregate, will not materially harm our financial position, cash flows, or overall trends in results of operations, legal proceedings are subject to inherent uncertainties, and unfavorable rulings or outcomes could occur that have individually or in aggregate, a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results. We are not currently subject to any pending material litigation, other than ordinary routine litigation incidental to our business.

On April 17, 2023, CCN received a motion for disclosure of documents pursuant to Section 198A of the Israeli Companies Law 5759-1999. The motion was filed in the district court in Tel Aviv-Yafo (the “Court”) by HBL Hadasit Bio-Holdings Ltd. (“HBL”), currently an approximately 5% shareholder of CCN. According to the motion, the requested production of documents is intended to allow HBL to examine the possibility of pursuing a derivative action related to, among other things, the validity of an intercompany Collaboration and License Agreement (the “Intercompany Agreement”) entered into between Lineage and CCN pursuant to which CCN conveyed certain rights and other assets to Lineage, and Lineage agreed to undertake certain liabilities and obligations of CCN relating to the OpRegen® program. In its motion, HBL alleges, among other things, that Lineage, in its capacity as CCN’s controlling shareholder, and members of CCN’s board of directors caused damage to CCN because the Intercompany Agreement was an interested party transaction that was not fairly priced and exploits CCN’s resources for the benefit of Lineage. The motion seeks an order to compel CCN to disclose and deliver to HBL the documents described in the motion, such additional, cumulative, or alternative relief as the Court deems appropriate, and reimbursement of HBL’s expenses, including attorneys’ fees. The Court held a hearing on the motion on March 14, 2024 after which the Court proposed, and the parties agreed, to retain a third-party valuation firm to assess the fairness of the valuation that was performed in support of the Intercompany Agreement. In June 2025, the third party valuation firm delivered its report stating that in its opinion the consideration paid by Lineage to CCN under the Intercompany Agreement was insufficient. The Court subsequently notified the parties that they were to advise the Court whether they have settled the matter between themselves by no later than September 7, 2025, which date was subsequently extended to January 4, 2026. If not settled by January 4, 2026, then the Court will hold a hearing on HBL’s motion. It is not possible at this time to assess the likelihood of whether the outcome of this proceeding will have a material adverse effect on Lineage’s consolidated results of operations, cash flows or financial position. Therefore, in accordance with ASC 450, Contingencies, Lineage has not recorded any accrual for a contingent liability associated with this legal proceeding based on its belief that a liability, while possible, is not probable nor estimable, and any range of potential contingent liability amounts cannot be reasonably estimated at this time. Lineage records legal expenses as incurred.

Lineage has employment agreements with all of its executive officers. Under the provisions of the agreements, Lineage may be required to incur severance obligations for matters relating to changes in control, as defined in the agreements, and involuntary terminations.

In the normal course of business, Lineage may agree to indemnify and reimburse other parties, typically Lineage’s clinical research organizations, investigators, clinical sites, and suppliers, for losses and expenses suffered or incurred by the indemnified parties arising from claims of third parties in connection with the use or testing of Lineage’s products and services. Indemnification could also cover third party infringement claims with respect to patent rights, copyrights, or other intellectual property pertaining to Lineage products and services. The term of these indemnification agreements generally continue in effect after the termination or expiration of the particular research, development, services, or license agreement to which they relate. In addition, Lineage has entered into indemnification agreements with officers and members of its board of directors that will require Lineage, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as officers or directors. The potential future payments Lineage could be required to make under the indemnification agreements described in this paragraph will generally not be subject to any specified maximum amount. Generally, Lineage has not been subject to any material claims or demands for indemnification. Lineage maintains liability insurance policies that limit its financial exposure under the indemnification agreements described in this paragraph. Accordingly, Lineage has not recorded any liabilities for these agreements as of September 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024.

We have licensing agreements with research institutions, universities and other parties providing us with certain rights to use intellectual property in conducting research and development activities in exchange for the payment of royalties on future product sales, if any. In addition, in order to maintain these licenses and other rights, we must comply with various conditions including the payment of patent related costs and annual minimum maintenance fees.

As part of the Asterias Merger, Lineage acquired royalty revenues for cash flows generated under patent families that Asterias acquired from Geron Corporation. Lineage continues to make royalty payments to Geron from royalties generated from these patents. Royalty revenues and royalty payments are included within royalties, license and other revenues and cost of royalties, respectively, in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.