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Convertible Senior Notes and Capped Call Transactions
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2025
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]  
Convertible Senior Notes and Capped Call Transactions Senior Notes, Capped Call Transactions, Warrants and Preferred Stock
Convertible Senior Notes due 2024 and Capped Calls

In March 2019, the Company issued $230.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 0.750% Convertible Senior Notes due 2024 (the “2024 Notes”) in a private placement. Interest on the 2024 Notes was payable semi-annually in arrears on March 1 and September 1 of each year.

On March 21, 2023, the Company entered into individual privately negotiated transactions (the “Note Repurchase Agreements”) with certain holders of its 2024 Notes, pursuant to which the Company agreed to pay an aggregate of $149.7 million in cash for the repurchase of $157.5 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2024 Notes (the “Note Repurchases”). Upon completion of the Note Repurchases, the aggregate principal amount of the 2024 Notes was reduced by $157.5 million to $72.5 million and the carrying amount of the 2024 Notes reduced by $228.3 million to $72.0 million. A corresponding portion of the 2024 capped calls were terminated in connection following the Note Repurchases as required by their terms for minimal consideration.

The remaining 2024 Notes matured on March 1, 2024, on which date the Company repaid in full the outstanding $72.5 million in aggregate principal amount and the associated 2024 capped calls expired unexercised.

Convertible Senior Notes due 2026 and Capped Calls

In December 2020, the Company issued $517.5 million aggregate principal amount of its 0% Convertible Senior Notes due 2026 (the “2026 Notes”) in a private placement, of which $20.1 million aggregate principal amount was outstanding as of September 30, 2025. The 2026 Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company.

The 2026 Notes will mature on December 15, 2026, unless earlier repurchased or redeemed by the Company or converted pursuant to their terms. The total net proceeds from the offering of the 2026 Notes, after deducting debt issuance costs, was approximately $505.3 million.

Each $1,000 in principal amount of the 2026 Notes is convertible into 0.8862 shares of the Company’s common stock, which is equivalent to a conversion price of $1,128.39 per share. The conversion rate is subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain specified events but will not be adjusted for any accrued and unpaid special interest. In addition, following certain corporate events that occur prior to the maturity date, the Company will increase the conversion rate for a holder who elects to convert its 2026 Notes in connection with such a corporate event. The 2026 Notes are not redeemable prior to the maturity date of the 2026 Notes and no sinking fund is provided for the 2026 Notes. The indenture governing the 2026 Notes contains events of default customary for convertible notes issued in connection with similar transactions. If the Company
undergoes a “Fundamental Change” (as defined in the indenture governing the 2026 Notes), which includes a change of control or the failure of the Company’s common stock to be listed or quoted on any of The Nasdaq Global Select Market, The Nasdaq Global Market or the New York Stock Exchange, holders may require the Company to repurchase for cash all or any portion of their 2026 Notes in principal amounts of $1,000 or a multiple thereof at a Fundamental Change repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2026 Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid special interest to, but excluding, the Fundamental Change repurchase date.

Holders of the 2026 Notes may convert their 2026 Notes at their option at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding August 15, 2026, in multiples of $1,000 principal amount, only under the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on March 31, 2021 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price for the 2026 Notes on each applicable trading day as determined by the Company; (2) during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period (the “2026 Notes measurement period”) in which the “trading price” (as defined in the indenture governing the 2026 Notes) per $1,000 principal amount of 2026 Notes for each trading day of the 2026 Notes measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock and the conversion rate for the 2026 Notes on each such trading day; (3) with respect to any 2026 Notes that the Company calls for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the redemption date; or (4) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events. On or after August 15, 2026, holders may convert all or any portion of their 2026 Notes at any time prior to the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, regardless of the foregoing circumstances. Upon conversion, the Company will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of its common stock or a combination of cash and shares of its common stock, at the Company’s election.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the conditions allowing holders of the 2026 Notes to convert were not met.

In connection with the offering of the 2026 Notes, the Company entered into privately-negotiated capped call option transactions with certain counterparties (the “2026 capped calls”). The 2026 capped calls each have a strike price of $1,128.39 per share, subject to certain adjustments, which corresponds to the conversion price of the 2026 Notes. The 2026 capped calls have cap prices of $1,583.70 per share, subject to certain adjustment events. The 2026 capped calls cover, subject to anti-dilution adjustments, approximately 0.11 million shares of common stock. The 2026 capped calls are generally intended to reduce or offset the potential dilution to the common stock upon any conversion of the 2026 Notes with such reduction or offset, as the case may be, subject to a cap based on the cap price. The 2026 capped calls expire on December 15, 2026, subject to earlier exercise. The 2026 capped calls are subject to either adjustment or termination upon the occurrence of specified extraordinary events affecting the Company, including a merger event, a tender offer, and a nationalization, insolvency or delisting involving the Company. In addition, the 2026 capped calls are subject to certain specified additional disruption events that may give rise to a termination of the 2026 capped calls, including changes in law, failure to deliver, and hedging disruptions. The 2026 capped calls are recorded in stockholders’ equity and are not accounted for as derivatives. The net cost of $46.1 million incurred to purchase the 2026 capped calls was recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets in fiscal 2024.

Pursuant to a privately negotiated exchange and purchase agreement (the “Exchange and Purchase Agreement”), on June 3, 2024, the Company exchanged $146.0 million principal amount of the 2026 Notes then held by an investor for $100.0 million principal amount of new First Lien Convertible Senior Notes due 2029 (the “2029 Notes” and together with the 2024 Notes, the 2026 Notes and the Second Lien Notes, the “Notes”), and the same investor purchased an additional $50.0 million principal amount of the 2029 Notes for cash. In connection with the exchange and purchase, the Company also issued the Warrants to the investor, and the investor agreed to purchase up to $50.0 million of additional 2029 Notes upon the Company’s request and subject to certain conditions (the “Delayed Draw Notes”). As a result of the exchange and purchase transactions, during the second quarter of 2024, the Company recognized a $68.1 million gain on debt extinguishment which represented the difference between the carrying value of the 2026 Notes so exchanged and the collective fair value of the 2029 Notes and the Warrants, net of the cash payment received from the investor. The extinguishment gain was recorded in Gain on debt extinguishment in the condensed consolidated statements of operations in fiscal 2024, and a corresponding portion of capped calls were terminated following the exchange and purchase as required by their terms for minimal consideration.

On June 13, 2024, the Company repurchased $10.3 million principal amount of the 2026 Notes for $4.9 million in cash. As a result of the transaction, during the second quarter of 2024, the Company recognized a $5.0 million gain on debt
extinguishment, which was recorded in Gain on debt extinguishment in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. In addition, a corresponding portion of the 2026 capped calls were terminated in connection following the repurchase as required by their terms for no consideration.

September 2025 Debt Exchange

On September 12, 2025 (the “Exchange Closing Date”), the Company consummated an exchange of the $341.1 million in aggregate principal amount of 2026 Notes held by certain former holders of the Company’s outstanding 2026 Notes (the “Noteholders”) for (i) an aggregate payment of $45.0 million in cash, (ii) $115.0 million in aggregate principal amount of the Company’s 10.0% Second Lien Senior Subordinated Secured Notes due 2029 (the “Second Lien Notes”), (iii) 3,555,596 shares of common stock and (iv) 26,551 shares of Series B Fixed Rate Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 (the “Series B Preferred Stock”). On September 25, 2025, the Company issued an additional 143,192 shares of common stock to certain of the Noteholders, which shares were issued on a deferred basis due to a beneficial ownership limitation preventing such Noteholders from owning in excess of 9.90% of the outstanding common stock of the Company. In addition, a corresponding portion of the 2026 capped calls were terminated following the exchange as required by their terms for no consideration. This September 2025 Debt Exchange was accounted for as a Troubled Debt Restructuring (“TDR”) in accordance with ASC 470-60, Troubled Debt Restructuring by Debtors. The Company recognized a TDR gain of $27.7 million, which is presented as Gain on troubled debt restructuring in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.

On the Exchange Closing Date, the principal amount of the exchanged 2026 Notes was $341.1 million with a discount of $1.7 million for a net carrying value of $339.4 million. The Company recognized the Second Lien Notes at a carrying value of $182.0 million. Under the TDR accounting treatment, the carrying value of the Second Lien Notes of $182.0 million was comprised of the total future undiscounted cash flows which included principal of $115.0 million, the maximum interest of $58.7 million as well as a redemption premium of $8.3 million. The redemption premium is related to the contingent redemption feature where the lenders can redeem the Second Lien Notes immediately prior to their maturity upon the occurrence of a Fundamental Change as defined in the indenture governing the Second Lien Notes at 105% of the principal plus accrued but unpaid interest as discussed further below. The Company assumes contingent future payments will have to be paid and those amounts shall be included in the total future cash payments. If, in future periods, the contingency is resolved so that a contingent payment does not have to be made, the Company will recognize a gain in the period when the contingency has been resolved. Subsequently, no interest expense on the Second Lien Notes will be recorded, as all future interest payments will reduce the carrying value of the restructured debt.

The unexchanged 2026 Notes continue to be classified as long-term liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2025. As of September 30, 2025, the aggregate principal amount of the unexchanged 2026 Notes was $20.1 million and the carrying amount of the unexchanged 2026 Notes was $20.0 million. The remaining term over which the unexchanged 2026 Notes’ debt issuance costs will be amortized is 1.17 years at an effective interest rate of 0.40% for the three months ended September 30, 2025.

Second Lien Senior Subordinated Secured Notes due 2029

On the Exchange Closing Date, the Company issued $115.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Second Lien Notes as part of the September 2025 Debt Exchange transaction. The Second Lien Notes accrue interest at a rate of 10.0% per annum. Prior to March 15, 2027, all of the interest on the Second Lien Notes is payable in-kind (“PIK”). On and after March 15, 2027 and until June 15, 2028, interest will be payable, at the Company’s option, in cash or in-kind or partially in cash and partially in-kind. On and after June 15, 2028, until the maturity of the Second Lien Notes, interest on the Second Lien Notes will be payable in cash, or at the Company’s option, up to 6.0% per annum in-kind. Unless earlier repurchased or redeemed by the Company, the Second Lien Notes will mature on December 15, 2029.

The Company may, at its option, redeem the Second Lien Notes, in whole or in part, prior to September 12, 2026 at a price equal to the sum of (i) 105% of the accrued and unpaid interest (including cash and PIK components thereof), (ii) 105% of the aggregate principal amount of the Second Lien Notes (including, without duplication of any amounts described in item (i), all increases to the principal amount as the result of previous payments of PIK interest) and (iii) the present value of the remaining future interest payments (including cash and PIK components thereof) through September 12, 2026, computed using a discount rate of T + 50 (such amount, the “Make Whole Amount”). On or after September 12, 2026, and prior to September 12, 2027, the Company may, at its option, redeem the Second Lien Notes, in whole or in part for an amount of cash equal to the sum of (i) 105% of the aggregate principal amount of the Second Lien Notes (including all increases to the principal amount as the result of previous payments of PIK interest) plus (ii) 105% of all accrued and unpaid interest (including, without duplication of any amounts described in item (i), cash and PIK components thereof). On or after September 12, 2027, and prior to
September 12, 2028, the Company may, at its option, redeem the Second Lien Notes, in whole or in part for an amount of cash equal to the sum of (i) 102.5% of the aggregate principal amount of the Second Lien Notes (including all increases to the principal amount as the result of previous payments of PIK interest) plus (ii) 102.5% of all accrued and unpaid interest (including, without duplication of any amounts described in item (i), cash and PIK components thereof). From September 12, 2028 until maturity, the Company may, at its option, redeem the Second Lien Notes, in whole or in part for an amount of cash equal to the sum of (i) 100% of the aggregate principal amount of the Second Lien Notes (including all increases to the principal amount as the result of previous payments of PIK interest) plus (ii) 100% of all accrued and unpaid interest (including, without duplication of any amounts described in item (i), cash and PIK components thereof). No sinking fund is provided for the Second Lien Notes.

The Second Lien Notes are guaranteed on a senior subordinated basis by certain of the Company’s direct and indirect domestic and foreign subsidiaries and secured by second lien priority security interests in substantially all of the assets of the Company and such subsidiary guarantors, subject to customary exceptions. Pursuant to an intercreditor agreement, the Second Lien Notes are subordinated in right of payment and to collateral, in each case, to the 2029 Notes. The indenture governing the Second Lien Notes contains affirmative and negative covenants and events of default customary for senior secured notes issued in connection with similar transactions. The negative covenants include limitations on asset sales, the incurrence of debt, preferred stock and liens, fundamental changes, investments, dividends and other payment restrictions affecting subsidiaries, restricted payments and transactions with affiliates. Among other things, these covenants generally prohibit the payment of cash dividends on the Company’s common stock. In the event the Second Lien Notes are accelerated on or prior to September 12, 2028, the applicable acceleration premium set forth in the indenture governing the Second Lien Notes will become due. The indenture governing the Second Lien Notes permits the Company and its subsidiaries to incur, subject to certain requirements, up to (i) $150.0 million of debt that is junior in lien priority and subordinated in right of payment to the Second Lien Notes, and (ii) up to $20.1 million as exchange consideration for, or the proceeds of which are used to repay, the remaining $20.1 million aggregate principal amount of 2026 Notes, which debt may be in the form of additional Second Lien Notes.

If the Company undergoes a Fundamental Change as defined in the indenture governing the Second Lien Notes, which includes a change of control or the failure of the Company’s common stock to be listed or quoted on any of The Nasdaq Global Select Market, The Nasdaq Global Market or the New York Stock Exchange, holders may require the Company to repurchase all or any portion of their Second Lien Notes at a repurchase price equal to (i) to the Make Whole Amount, if such Fundamental Change occurs prior to September 12, 2026, or (ii) the sum of (A) 105% of the aggregate principal amount of the Second Lien Notes (including all increases to the principal amount as the result of previous payments of PIK interest) plus (B) 105% of all accrued and unpaid interest, if such Fundamental Change occurs on or after September 12, 2026.

Series B Preferred Stock

On the Exchange Closing Date, the Company filed a Certificate of Designation with respect to the Series B Preferred Stock (the “Series B Certificate of Designation”) with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware and issued to the Noteholders an aggregate 26,551 shares of Series B Preferred Stock. Each share of Series B Preferred Stock has an initial stated value (“Stated Value”) of $1,000 per share, subject to adjustment for (i) any splits, combinations, or similar adjustment and (ii) accrued unpaid dividends. The Series B Preferred Stock does not have a stated maturity and is not subject to mandatory redemption or any sinking fund, and will remain outstanding indefinitely unless earlier converted, repurchased or redeemed.

The holders of the Series B Preferred Stock have the following rights, preferences and privileges:

Voting

Each share of Series B Preferred Stock is entitled to a number of votes equal to the number of shares of common stock into which such share of Series B Preferred Stock is convertible (subject to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation (as defined below)), and is entitled to vote on all matters submitted for voting to the common stockholders. In addition, the consent of the holders of a majority of shares of the then-outstanding Series B Preferred Stock is required in certain circumstances. See “Protective Provisions”.

Dividends

Dividends on each share of Series B Preferred Stock (i) accrue in an amount equal to 15.0% of the Stated Value (“Regular Dividends”). In addition, holders of Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to receive, on an-as converted basis, any dividend or other distribution paid to holders of common stock (a “Participating Dividend”). Regular Dividends are paid, at the Company’s option, in cash or in-kind through the addition of such dividend amount to the Stated Value. In addition, (a) if any shares of Series B Preferred Stock remain outstanding following the Conversion (as defined below) due to a provision of the Certificate of Designation limiting the conversion of Series B Preferred Stock in a manner that would result in a holder
beneficially owning (as determined in accordance with Section 13(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules promulgated thereunder) in excess of 9.90% of the outstanding common stock (the “Beneficial Ownership Limitation”), then the Regular Dividend rate will be reduced to 0% beginning on the date of the Conversion and (b) if the Conversion has not occurred by September 12, 2026, the Regular Dividend rate will increase to 20.0%. Regular Dividends are payable on March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31 of each year, commencing on December 31, 2025. Participating Dividends are payable as and when paid to holders of common stock. Any accrued cumulative dividends will reduce the income available to common shareholders for EPS purposes.

Redemption

The Series B Preferred Stock may be redeemed by the Company at any time at a price equal to 100% of the Stated Value, plus accrued and unpaid dividends.

Conversion

Each outstanding share of Series B Preferred Stock will automatically convert (the “Conversion”) into 58.2968 shares of common stock (the “Conversion Ratio”, and such shares of common stock, “Conversion Shares”) upon the satisfaction of all of the following conditions:

•Approval by the holders of the Company’s voting stock of an amendment to the Company’s Fourth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Stock Increase Charter Amendment”) to increase the number of authorized shares of common shares (the “Stock Increase Charter Amendment Proposal”);
•Adoption of the Stock Increase Charter Amendment Proposal by the Company’s board of directors; and
•Filing and acceptance of the Stock Increase Charter Amendment by the Secretary of State of Delaware.

Liquidation Preference

In the event of any Fundamental Transaction (as defined in the Certificate of Designation) or voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of the Company (a “Liquidation Event”), holders of the Series B Preferred Stock shall be entitled, out of assets legally available therefor, before any distribution or payment out of the assets of the Company may be made to or set aside for the holders of any junior stock, including the common stock, and subject to the rights of the holders of any senior stock or parity stock and the rights of the Company’s existing and future creditors, to receive in full a liquidating distribution in cash and in the amount per share of Series B Preferred Stock equal to the greater of (i) the sum of 100% of the then Stated Value per share of Series B Preferred Stock plus accrued and unpaid Regular Dividends and unpaid Participating Dividends to, but excluding, the date of such Liquidation Event and (ii) the amount the holder of such share of Series B Preferred Stock would receive if such share of Series B Preferred Stock was converted into Common Stock at the Conversion Ratio on the date of such Liquidation Event. In addition, (a) if the Conversion has not occurred prior to September 12, 2026, then upon the commencement of any voluntary or involuntary case under the United States Bankruptcy Code, Title 11 of the United States Code, the liquidation preference described in clause (i) of the preceding sentence will automatically increase to 150% of the Stated Value and (b) if the Conversion has occurred but shares of Series B Preferred Stock remain outstanding due to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, then percentage described in clause (i) of the preceding sentence will remain 100% of the Stated Value as of the date of Conversion.

Protective Provisions

The Series B Preferred Stock includes certain protective rights, such as requiring the approval of holders of a majority of then-outstanding Series B Preferred Stock before the Company may amend the Certificate of Incorporation, Bylaws, or other governing documents in a manner that would materially and adversely affect the rights or preferences of the Series B Preferred Stock. The holders of the Series B Preferred Stock also have the right to approve any changes to the powers, preferences, or rights of the Series B Preferred Stock and to restrict the payment of dividends on junior securities, including common stock, while any dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock remain unpaid.

Classification of Series B Preferred Stock

The Series B Preferred Stock should be classified outside of stockholders’ equity because it is contingently redeemable upon certain Fundamental Transactions, which are outside the Company’s control. Accordingly, the Series B Preferred Stock is presented outside of permanent equity in the mezzanine section of the consolidated balance sheets. None of the Fundamental Transactions are deemed probable to occur at any time during the periods presented, and therefore, the Series B Preferred Stock
was not deemed probable to become redeemable, and no subsequent remeasurement to redemption value is required for the Series B Preferred Stock.

Conversion of Series B Preferred Stock

On October 2, 2025, the stockholders of the Company approved the Stock Increase Charter Amendment Proposal to increase the authorized common stock share capital of the Company from 13,333,333 shares to 20,000,000 shares. The Stock Increase Charter Amendment was filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on October 3, 2025. As a result, all of the outstanding shares of Series B Preferred Stock automatically converted pursuant to the terms of the Series B Certificate of Designation, and on October 7, 2025, an aggregate 1,547,840 shares of common stock were issued to holders of the Series B Preferred Stock.

First Lien Convertible Senior Notes due 2029

In June 2024, the Company issued $150.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 2029 Notes pursuant to the Exchange and Purchase Agreement including $100.0 million aggregate principal amount issued in exchange for $146.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2026 Notes and $50.0 million aggregate principal amount issued for cash. The Company paid third parties $7.6 million in connection with the transaction, which was capitalized as debt issuance costs. At the time of the exchange, the fair value of the 2029 Notes approximated $118.1 million, and the Company recognized a debt discount of $31.9 million.

In December 2024, the Company issued $50.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 2029 Notes, constituting the Delayed Draw Notes, for $50.0 million cash.

Unless earlier repurchased or redeemed by the Company or converted pursuant to their terms, the 2029 Notes will mature on the earlier of (a) June 15, 2029 and (b) 91 days before the maturity of the 2026 Notes, if greater than $60.0 million principal amount of 2026 Notes remains outstanding on such date. The amount payable by the Company if the 2029 Notes mature pursuant to clause (b) will be equal to 100% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2029 Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, plus the remaining future interest payments that would have been payable through June 15, 2029, discounted at a rate equal to the comparable treasury rate plus 50 basis points (the “Make-Whole Amount”).

From June 3, 2024, until the date of issuance of the Delayed Draw Notes, interest on the 2029 Notes accrued at a rate of 10.83% (consisting of 4.17% cash and 6.66% PIK per annum). From the date of issuance of the Delayed Draw Notes and prior to December 15, 2026, interest on the 2029 Notes has increased and accrues at a rate of 11.375% (consisting of 4.375% cash and 7.00% PIK) per annum. On and after December 15, 2026, interest on the 2029 Notes will further increase and accrue at a rate of 13% (consisting of 5% cash and 8% PIK) per annum.

The Company may, at its option, redeem the 2029 Notes, in whole or in part, prior to June 15, 2025 at a price equal to the Make-Whole Amount. On or after June 15, 2025, and prior to June 15, 2026, the Company may, at its option, redeem the 2029 Notes, in whole or in part for an amount of cash equal to the sum of (i) 106.50% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2029 Notes (including all increases to the principal amount as the result of previous payments of PIK interest) plus (ii) 106.50% of all accrued and unpaid PIK interest plus (iii) all accrued and unpaid cash interest. On or after June 15, 2026, and prior to December 15, 2026, the Company may, at its option, redeem the 2029 Notes, in whole or in part for an amount of cash equal to the sum of (i) 103.25% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2029 Notes (including all increases to the principal amount as the result of previous payments of PIK interest) plus (ii) 103.25% of all accrued and unpaid PIK interest plus (iii) all accrued and unpaid cash interest. From December 15, 2026 until maturity, the Company may, at its option, redeem the 2029 Notes, in whole or in part for an amount of cash equal to the sum of (i) 113% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2029 Notes (including all increases to the principal amount as the result of previous payments of PIK interest) plus (ii) 113% of all accrued and unpaid PIK interest plus (iii) all accrued and unpaid cash interest. No sinking fund is provided for the 2029 Notes.

The 2029 Notes are guaranteed on a senior basis by certain of the Company’s direct and indirect domestic and foreign subsidiaries and secured by first priority security interests in substantially all of the assets of the Company and such subsidiary guarantors, subject to customary exceptions. The indenture governing the 2029 Notes contains affirmative and negative covenants and events of default customary for senior secured notes issued in connection with similar transactions. The negative covenants include limitations on asset sales, the incurrence of debt, preferred stock and liens, fundamental changes, investments, dividends and other payment restrictions affecting subsidiaries, restricted payments and transactions with affiliates. Among other things, these covenants generally prohibit the payment of cash dividends on the Company’s common stock. The Make-Whole Amount will be payable in the event of an acceleration of the 2029 Notes or repurchase triggered by
certain asset sales. The indenture governing the 2029 Notes permits the Company and its subsidiaries to incur, subject to certain requirements, up to $150.0 million of debt that is junior in lien priority and subordinated in right of payment to the 2029 Notes. The indenture governing the 2029 Notes also includes a financial covenant that requires the Company at all times to maintain a minimum cash balance of $60.0 million (excluding proceeds of the 2029 Notes). Upon request of the investor, the indenture governing the 2029 Notes requires the Company to enter into a registration rights agreement with respect to the 2029 Notes containing customary terms including demand, shelf and piggyback registration rights. The Company was in compliance with its financial covenants as of September 30, 2025.

If the Company undergoes a Fundamental Change as defined in the indenture governing the 2029 Notes, which includes a change of control or the failure of the Company’s common stock to be listed or quoted on any of The Nasdaq Global Select Market, The Nasdaq Global Market or the New York Stock Exchange, holders may require the Company to repurchase all or any portion of their 2029 Notes at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2029 Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, plus an amount equal to 66% of the remaining future interest payments (including PIK interest) that would have been payable through June 15, 2029, discounted at a rate equal to the comparable treasury rate plus 50 basis points.

Holders of the 2029 Notes may convert their 2029 Notes at their option at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding February 15, 2029 only under the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on September 30, 2024 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price for the 2029 Notes on each applicable trading day as determined by the Company; (2) during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period (the “ 2029 Notes measurement period”) in which the “trading price” (as defined in the indenture governing the 2029 Notes) per $1,000 principal amount of 2029 Notes for each trading day of the 2029 Notes measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock and the product of (x) the quotient of (i) the “conversion amount” (as defined in the Indenture) in respect of $1,000 principal amount of the 2029 Notes on such trading day divided by (ii) 1,000 times (y) the conversion rate for the 2029 Notes on each such trading day; (3) with respect to any 2029 Notes that the Company calls for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the redemption date; (4) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events; or (5) during the period from August 17, 2026 through September 14, 2026, if the aggregate principal amount of 2026 Notes exceeds $60.0 million on August 16, 2026. On or after February 15, 2029, holders may convert all or any portion of their 2029 Notes at any time prior to the close of business on June 13, 2029, regardless of the foregoing circumstances. The 2029 Notes include certain embedded features requiring bifurcation, which did not have material values as of September 30, 2025 due to management’s estimates of the likelihood of triggering events, but that may have value in the future should those estimates change, with any change in fair value recorded in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The 2029 Notes (including all accrued and unpaid interest) are convertible at the option of the holders at certain times into cash based on a daily conversion value calculated on a proportionate basis for each trading day in a 50 trading day observation period, corresponding to 0.8862 shares of the Company’s common stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2029 Notes. The Company is not required to deliver its common stock upon conversion under any circumstances. The conversion rate for the 2029 Notes is subject to adjustment if certain events occur and contains customary anti-dilution protections. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the conditions allowing holders of the 2029 Notes to convert were not met.

The 2029 Notes, including the Delayed Draw Notes, are accounted for as a single liability, and the combined carrying amount is $180.4 million as of September 30, 2025, consisting of principal of $214.4 million, net of unamortized issuance costs of $6.5 million and debt discount of $27.5 million. The 2029 Notes were classified as long-term liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2025. The remaining term over which the 2029 Notes’ debt issuance costs will be amortized is 3.7 years at an effective interest rate of 19.13% for the 2029 Notes (not including the Delayed Draw Notes) and 13.28% for the Delayed Draw Notes as of September 30, 2025.

Unamortized debt issuance costs incurred in connection with securing the Company’s financing arrangements are presented in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the outstanding
borrowings, consistent with debt discounts. All deferred financing costs are amortized to interest expense. The net carrying amount of the liability component of the Notes as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 is as follows:


September 30, 2025December 31, 2024
2026 Notes
2029 Notes
Second Lien Notes (1)
Total
2026 Notes
2029 Notes
Total
(In thousands)
Principal$20,125 $214,374 $181,952 $416,451 $361,204 $207,125 $568,329 
Unamortized debt discount
— (27,451)— (27,451)— (31,137)(31,137)
Unamortized issuance costs(94)(6,495)— (6,589)(2,757)(7,365)(10,122)
Carrying value of long-term debt, net$20,031 $180,428 $181,952 $382,411 $358,447 $168,623 $527,070 

(1) Represents $115.0 million of outstanding principal amount of Second Lien Notes, plus the maximum interest of $58.7 million as well as a redemption premium of $8.3 million.

The following table sets forth the interest expense recognized related to the Notes:
Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2025202420252024
(In thousands)
Contractual interest expense$6,097 $4,061 $17,714 $5,371 
Amortization of debt issuance costs620 603 1,911 1,744 
Amortization of debt discount1,396 1,034 3,832 1,335 
Total interest expense$8,113 $5,698 $23,457 $8,450 

Warrants

On June 3, 2024, pursuant to the Exchange and Purchase Agreement, the Company issued to the investor 10-year warrants with a strike price of $11.25 per share, exercisable for 649,782 shares of the Company’s common stock and 10-year warrants with a strike price of $11.25 per share, exercisable with respect to a notional amount of 156,318 shares of the Company’s common stock for cash payments equal to the excess of “fair market value” (as defined therein) per share over the strike price, fully diluted subject to certain adjustments. In August 2025, Warrants with a notional amount of 200,000 shares were settled and a gain of $1.3 million related to the fair value adjustment on settlement date was recognized in Other income (expense), net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2025.

The cash-settled warrants will permit the Company, subject to certain conditions (including to the extent that the Company, following payment, would have “available cash” (as defined therein) of less than $100.0 million), to defer payment of the settlement amount at an annualized interest rate of 6.0%, compounded monthly. Warrants outstanding at the 10-year expiration will be exercised automatically (and in the case of the share-settled warrants, will be exercised on a cashless basis) if, immediately prior to the expiration, the fair market value per share is greater than the strike price.

The Warrants contain customary anti-dilution protections. The triggers for the anti-dilution adjustments include (a) subdivision, combination or reclassification of the outstanding shares of common stock into a greater or smaller number of shares, (b) certain below market issuances of common stock, (c) certain issuances of common stock at a price that is less than the strike price of the Warrant, (d) certain issuances of a dividend or distribution to all holders of common stock, (e) an above market tender offer or exchange offer by the Company for common stock. Pursuant to the anti-dilution terms of the Warrants, and giving effect to the settlement of warrants with respect to a notional amount of 200,000 shares, the aggregate notional amount of the Warrants was 1,016,974 shares and the strike price was $7.15 as of September 30, 2025.

In the event of a “Cash/Public Acquisition” (as defined therein), the Warrants may be automatically exercised, cash settled or expire, depending on the fair market value per share. The Warrants contain a beneficial ownership limitation on the
investor’s ownership of the Company’s common stock, on a post-exercise basis (aggregating all securities convertible into or exercisable for the Company’s common stock), of 4.99%, subject to increase upon 61 days’ notice by the investor, but not to exceed 9.99%.
The Warrants were classified as current liabilities under ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets and recorded at fair value of $5.3 million at the issuance date with subsequent changes in fair value recorded in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of September 30, 2025, the Warrants had a fair value of $7.4 million. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, gains of $2.9 million and $8.8 million, respectively, for the change in fair value were recorded in Other income (expense), net, in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, a loss of $7.8 million for the change in fair value was recorded in Other income (expense), net, in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations.