Financial statements in United States dollars

Financial statements in United States dollars

A substantial portion of the revenues and expenses of the Company and of certain subsidiaries is generated in U.S. dollars (“dollar”). The Company’s management believes that the dollar is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company and certain subsidiaries operate. Thus, the functional and reporting currency of the Company and certain subsidiaries is the dollar.

Accordingly, monetary accounts maintained in currencies other than the dollar are remeasured into dollars in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 830, “Foreign Currency Matters”. All transaction gains and losses of the remeasurement of monetary balance sheet items are reflected in the statements of income as financial income or expenses, as appropriate. Monetary accounts and transactions maintained in dollars are presented at their original amounts.

For those foreign subsidiaries whose functional currency is not the dollar, all balance sheet amounts have been translated using the exchange rates in effect at each balance sheet date. Statement of income amounts have been translated using the average exchange rate prevailing during each year. Such translation adjustments are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in equity.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents are short-term highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to cash with original maturities of three months or less, at acquisition.

Cash and cash equivalents include amounts held primarily in NIS, dollar, Euro, Japanese Yen and British Pound.

Marketable securities

Marketable securities

The Company accounts for all its investments in marketable securities in accordance with ASC No. 320, “Investments – Debt and Equity Securities”. The Company classifies all of its marketable securities as available for sale and held for trading. Available for sale (“AFS”) securities are carried at fair value, with the unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, reported in “accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)” in equity. Realized gains and losses on sale of investments are included in “financial income (expense), net” and are derived using the specific identification method for determining the cost of securities.

The amortized cost of debt securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity. Such amortization together with interest on securities is included in “financial expense (income), net”.

The Company assessed AFS debt securities with an amortized cost basis in excess of estimated fair value to determine what amount of that difference, if any, is caused by expected credit losses in accordance with ASC 326. Allowance for credit losses on AFS debt securities are recognized as a charge of credit loss expenses (income), net, on the consolidated statements of income, and any remaining unrealized losses, net of taxes, are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders’ equity.

The Company did not record credit loss allowance on its marketable securities during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

The Company classifies its marketable debt securities as either short-term or long-term based on each instrument’s underlying contractual maturity date and the Company’s expectations of sales and redemptions in the following year.

Held for trading securities are measured at fair value through profit or loss.

Property and equipment, net

Property and equipment, net

Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, at the following annual rates:

		Years
Computers and peripheral equipment		3 - 5
Office furniture and equipment		7 - 15 (mainly 7)
Motor vehicles		7
Software		3 - 5 (mainly 5)

Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the term of the lease (including option terms that are deemed to be reasonably assured) or the estimated useful life of the improvements, whichever is shorter.

Research and development costs

Research and development costs

Research and development costs incurred in the process of software development before establishment of technological feasibility are charged to expenses as incurred. Certain internal and external costs incurred to develop software to be sold are capitalized after technological feasibility is established in accordance with ASC 985-20, “Software - Costs of Software to be Sold Leased or Marketed”. Based on the Company’s product development process, technological feasibility is established upon completion of a detailed program design.

Costs incurred by the Company between completion of the detailed program design and the point at which the product is ready for general release, have been capitalized.

Capitalized software development costs are amortized by the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the software products (primarily five years). Capitalized software costs are amortized on a product by product basis by the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the software product (approximately five years, due to their high rates of acceptance, the continued reliance on these products by existing customers, and the demand for such products from prospective customers, all of which validate the Company’s expectations) which provides greater amortization expense compared to the revenue-curve method.

The Company assesses the recoverability of these intangible assets on a regular basis by assessing the net realizable value of these intangible assets based on the estimated future gross revenues from each product reduced by the estimated future costs of completing and disposing of it, including the estimated costs of performing maintenance and customer support over its remaining economical useful life using internally generated projections of future revenues generated by the products, cost of completion of products and cost of delivery to customers over its remaining economical useful life. During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, no such unrecoverable amounts were identified.

Offices

Offices

The Company leases space for offices in various locations worldwide under operating leases. These contracts are considered as operating leases presented in ROU assets.

Motor vehicles

The Company leases motor vehicles. Each leasing contract is generally valid for a term of three years. These contracts are considered as operating leases presented in ROU assets.

Impairment of long-lived assets, right of use assets and intangible assets subject to amortization

Impairment of long-lived assets, right of use assets and intangible assets subject to amortization

The Company’s long-lived assets (assets group) to be held or used, including right of use assets and intangible assets that are subject to amortization, are reviewed for impairment in accordance with ASC 360, “Property, Plant and Equipment” whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets.

During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, no impairment losses have been identified.

Intangible assets

Intangible assets, net

Intangible assets that are not considered to have an indefinite useful life are amortized over their economic useful life using a method of amortization that reflects the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are consumed or otherwise used up. Acquired technology and non-compete agreements were amortized on a straight line basis of up to 10 years (mainly up to 7 years), and customer relationships and backlog were amortized on an accelerated method basis over a period of up to 15 years based on the intangible assets identified.

Accrued severance pay and retirement plans

Accrued severance pay and retirement plans

The Company’s and its Israeli subsidiaries’ obligation for severance pay with respect to their Israeli employees (for the period for which the employees were not included under Section 14 of the Severance Pay Law, 1963) is calculated pursuant to the Israeli Severance Pay Law based on the most recent salary of the employees multiplied by the number of years of employment as of the balance sheet date, and are presented on an undiscounted basis (referred to as the “Shut Down Method”). Employees are entitled to one month’s salary for each year of employment or a portion thereof. The Company’s obligation for all of its Israeli employees is fully provided for by monthly deposits with insurance policies and severance pay funds and by an accrual.

The carrying value of deposited funds includes profits (losses) accumulated up to the balance sheet date. The deposited funds may be withdrawn only upon the fulfillment of the obligations pursuant to the Israeli Severance Pay Law or labor agreements and are recorded as an asset in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

The Company and its Israeli subsidiaries’ agreements with most of their Israeli employees are in accordance with Section 14 of the Severance Pay Law, 1963, mandating that upon termination of such employees’ employment, all the amounts accrued in their insurance policies shall be released to them instead of severance compensation. Upon release of deposited amounts to the employee, no additional liability exists between the parties regarding the matter of severance pay and no additional payments are payable by the Company or its subsidiaries to the employee. Further, the related obligation and amounts deposited on behalf of such obligation are not stated on the balance sheet, as the Company and its subsidiaries are legally released from their obligations to employees once the deposit amounts have been paid.

The Company has a number of savings plans in the United States that qualify under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. U.S. employees may contribute up to 100% of their pretax or post-tax salary, but not more than statutory limits. Matching contributions are discretionary and if made, are up to 3% of the participants annual contributions. When contributions are granted, they are invested in proportion to each participant’s voluntary contributions in the investment options provided under the plan. Expenses pertaining to 401(k) employer match were immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021.

Severance expenses for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 amounted to approximately $ 4,712, $ 5,344 and $ 5,267, respectively.

Income taxes

Income taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, “Income Taxes”. ASC 740 prescribes the use of the “asset and liability” method whereby deferred tax asset and liability account balances are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. The Company provides a valuation allowance, if necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to their estimated realizable value. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current.

The Company utilizes a two-step approach for recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions accounted for in accordance with an amendment of ASC 740 “Income Taxes.” Under the first step the Company evaluates a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that, based on its technical merits, the tax position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes.

The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the tax authorities. The Company accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in its provisions for income taxes.

Stock-based compensation

Stock-based compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718, “Compensation - Stock Compensation” which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense based on estimated fair values for all share-based payment awards made. ASC 718 requires companies to estimate the fair value of equity-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as an expense over the requisite service periods in the Company’s consolidated statement of income.

The Company recognizes compensation expenses for the value of its awards, which have graded vesting based on the accelerated method over the requisite service period of each of the awards. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

The Company uses the Binomial option-pricing model (“the Binomial model”) to estimate the fair value for any options granted. The Binomial model takes into account variables such as volatility, dividend yield rate, and risk-free interest rate and also allows for the use of dynamic assumptions and considers the contractual term of the option, the probability that the option will be exercised prior to the end of its contractual life, and the probability of termination or retirement of the option holder in computing the value of the option.

The fair value of each option granted using the Binomial model, was estimated on the date of grant with the following assumptions: expected volatility was based upon actual historical stock price movements and was calculated as of the grant dates for different periods, since the Binomial model can be used for different expected volatilities for different periods. The risk-free interest rate was based on the yield from U.S. Treasury zero-coupon bonds with an equivalent term to the contractual term of the options. The expected term of options granted was derived from the output of the option valuation model and represented the period of time that options granted were expected to be outstanding. Estimated forfeitures were based on actual historical pre-vesting forfeitures. Since dividend payments are applied to reduce the exercise price of the option, the effect of the dividend protection was reflected by using an expected dividend assumption of zero.

For awards with performance conditions, compensation cost is recognized over the requisite service period if it is ‘probable’ that the performance conditions will be satisfied using the accelerated method.

On March 7, 2021, the Company granted one of its senior executive officers 80,000 options to purchase its shares with no exercise price. The options will vest over a four-year period and include several performance criteria related to the Company’s results of operations.

No grants were made to employees or directors in the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.

During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense related to employee stock options in the amount of $ 74, $0 and $956, respectively, as follows:

	Year ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
Selling and marketing	$	956	$	-	$	74

Fair value measurements

Fair value measurements

The Company accounts for certain assets and liabilities at fair value under ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures”. Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, ASC 820 establishes a three-tier value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value:

Level 1 -

Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets;

Level 2 -

Includes other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets with insufficient volume or infrequent transactions, or other inputs that are observable (model-derived valuations in which significant inputs are observable), or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data;

Level 3 -

Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity;

The fair value hierarchy also requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The Company categorized each of its fair value measurements in one of these three levels of hierarchy. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are comprised of marketable securities, foreign currency forward contracts and contingent consideration of acquisitions (see Note 5).

The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheet for cash and cash equivalents, short term bank deposits, trade receivables, other accounts receivable, short-term bank credit, trade payables and other accounts payable approximate their fair values due to the short-term maturities of such instruments.

Recently issued, not yet adopted accounting pronouncement

Recently issued, not yet adopted accounting pronouncement

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08 “Business Combinations (Topic 805), Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers”, which requires contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination to be recognized and measured by the acquirer on the acquisition date in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The guidance will result in the acquirer recognizing contract assets and contract liabilities at the same amounts recorded by the acquiree. The guidance should be applied prospectively to acquisitions occurring on or after the effective date. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including in interim periods, for any financial statements that have not yet been issued. The Company does not expect this guidance to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.