<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001654954-25-012769.txt : 20251110
<SEC-HEADER>0001654954-25-012769.hdr.sgml : 20251110
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20251110160746
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001654954-25-012769
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	424B4
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		4
FILED AS OF DATE:		20251110
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20251110

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			PALATIN TECHNOLOGIES INC
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000911216
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	03 Life Sciences
		EIN:				954078884
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			NJ
		FISCAL YEAR END:			0630

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		424B4
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-286280
		FILM NUMBER:		251466214

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		4B CEDAR BROOK DRIVE
		CITY:			CRANBURY
		STATE:			NJ
		ZIP:			08512
		BUSINESS PHONE:		609-495-2200

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		4B CEDAR BROOK DRIVE
		CITY:			CRANBURY
		STATE:			NJ
		ZIP:			08512

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	INTERFILM INC
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19930825
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>424B4
<SEQUENCE>1
<FILENAME>ptn_424b4.htm
<DESCRIPTION>424B4
<TEXT>
<html><head><title>ptn_424b4.htm</title><!--Document created using EDGARMaster--></head><body style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; FONT: 10pt times new roman"><table style="border-spacing:0;font-size:10pt;text-align:left;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="width:50%;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><strong>PROSPECTUS </strong></p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:right;margin:0px"><strong>Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(4)</strong></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:right;margin:0px"><strong>File No. 333-290641</strong></p></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><img src="ptn_424b4img1.jpg"></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong>448,769 Shares of Common Stock</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong>2,430,769 Series J Common Warrants to Purchase Up to 2,430,769 Shares of Common Stock</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong>2,430,769 Series K Common Warrants to purchase up to 2,430,769 Shares of Common Stock</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong>1,982,000 Pre-Funded Warrants to Purchase Up to 1,982,000 Shares of Common Stock</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong>48,615 Underwriter Warrants to Purchase Up to 48,615 Shares of Common Stock</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong>2,430,769 Shares of Common Stock Underlying the Series J Common Warrants</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong>2,430,769 Shares of Common Stock Underlying the Series K Common Warrants</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong>1,982,000 Shares of Common Stock Underlying the Pre-Funded Warrants</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong>48,615 Shares of Common Stock Underlying the Underwriter&#8217;s Warrants</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">This is a firm commitment public offering of 448,769 shares of our common stock, par value $0.01 (the &#8220;Common Stock&#8221;), together with Series J common stock purchase warrants (the &#8220;Series J Common Warrants&#8221;) to purchase up to 2,430,769 shares of our Common Stock and Series K common stock purchase warrants (the &#8220;Series K Common Warrants&#8221; and together with the Series J Common Warrants, the &#8220;Common Warrants&#8221;) to purchase up to 2,430,769 shares of our Common Stock. Each share of Common Stock, or a pre-funded warrant in lieu thereof, is being sold together with a Series J Common Warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock and a Series K Warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock. The shares of Common Stock and Common Warrants are immediately separable and will be issued separately in this offering, but must be purchased together in this offering.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">The combined public offering price for each share of Common Stock and accompanying Common Warrants is $6.50 per share of Common Stock and accompanying Common Warrants. Each Series J Common Warrant will have an exercise price of $6.50 per share and will be immediately exercisable. Each Series K Common Warrant will have an exercise price of $8.125 per share and will be immediately exercisable. The Series J Common Warrants will expire on the earlier of (i) the eighteen (18) month anniversary of the original issuance date or (ii) on the 31<sup style="vertical-align:super">st</sup> calendar day following the date that we inform the holder of the Series J Common Warrant that we received the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (&#8220;FDA&#8221;) acceptance of the Company&#8217;s Investigational New Drug (&#8220;IND&#8221;) for an in-house MC4 receptor agonist obesity treatment compound (long-acting peptide or oral small molecule) (the &#8220;FDA Exercise Period&#8221;). The Series K Common Warrants will expire on the five (5)-year anniversary of the original issuance date, however, if a holder&#8217;s Series J Common Warrants have not been terminated in accordance with their terms prior to the expiration of the FDA Exercise Period, such holder&#8217;s Series K Common Warrants will terminate automatically upon the earlier of the (i) eighteen (18)-month anniversary of the original issuance date of the Series J Common Warrant or (ii) the expiration of the FDA Exercise Period and prior to the five (5)-year anniversary of the issuance of the Series K Common Warrant. The terms of the Common Warrants will be extended in the event there is no effective registration statement or prospectus related to the Common Warrants and shares of common stock underlying the Common Warrants for an additional 30 day period following the FDA Exercise Period once an effective registration statement or prospectus is available.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We are also offering 1,982,000 pre-funded warrants (the &#8220;Pre-Funded Warrants&#8221;) to purchase an aggregate of up to 1,982,000 shares of Common Stock to certain purchasers whose purchase of shares of Common Stock in this offering would otherwise result in the purchaser, together with its affiliates and certain related parties, beneficially owning more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%) of our outstanding Common Stock immediately following the consummation of this offering, in lieu of shares of Common Stock that would otherwise result in such purchaser&#8217;s beneficial ownership exceeding 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%) of our outstanding Common Stock. The public offering price of each Pre-Funded Warrant and accompanying Common Warrants will be equal to the price at which one share of Common Stock and accompanying Common Warrants are sold to the public in this offering, minus $0.0001, and the exercise price of each Pre-Funded Warrant will be $0.0001 per share. The Pre-Funded Warrants will be immediately exercisable and may be exercised at any time until all of the Pre-Funded Warrants are exercised in full. The Pre-Funded Warrants and Common Warrants are immediately separable and will be issued separately in this offering, but must be purchased together in this offering.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;"></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td>&nbsp;</td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We have engaged A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners (&#8220;A.G.P.&#8221;) and Laidlaw &amp; Company (UK) Ltd. (&#8220;Laidlaw&#8221; and together with A.G.P., the &#8220;Underwriters&#8221;), to act as our Underwriters, whereby A.G.P. is serving as sole book-running manager and Laidlaw as lead manager in connection with this offering. The re-listing of the Company&#8217;s Common Stock on the NYSE American LLC (&#8220;NYSE American&#8221;) is a closing condition of the offering, among other customary closing conditions.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Any proceeds from the sale of securities offered by us will be available for our immediate use, despite uncertainty about whether we would be able to use such funds to effectively implement our business plan. See the section of this prospectus entitled &#8220;Risk Factors&#8221; for more information.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Our Common Stock was listed on the NYSE American under the symbol &#8220;PTN.&#8221; The Company previously received a notice from the NYSE American stating that the NYSE Regulation has determined that the Company was no longer suitable for listing pursuant to Section 1003(f)(v) of the NYSE American Company Guide due to the low selling price of the Company&#8217;s Common Stock. NYSE American commenced delisting proceedings in connection with the foregoing determination, and trading the Company&#8217;s common stock was suspended on May 7, 2025. On May 8, 2025, the Company&#8217;s common stock commenced trading on the Pink Market of the OTC Markets Group under the trading symbol &#8220;PTNT&#8221;, and since August 12, 2025, has traded on the OTCQB Market under the trading symbol &#8220;PTNT&#8221;. On November 5, 2025, the last reported sale price of our Common Stock on the OTCQB was $6.50 per share. The Company&#8217;s common stock is expected to recommence trading on the NYSE American on November 12, 2025. There is no established public trading market for the Common Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrants, and we do not expect such a market to develop. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the Common Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrants will be limited. In addition, we do not intend to list the Common Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrants on the NYSE American, OTCQB Market, any other national securities exchange, or any other trading system.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">On August 12, 2025, a reverse stock split of our outstanding shares of Common Stock took effect at a ratio of one-for-fifty (the &#8220;Reverse Stock Split&#8221;), which was approved by our board of directors (the &#8220;Board&#8221;) and consummated pursuant to a Certificate of Amendment filed with the Secretary of State of Delaware on August 6, 2025, which was effective commencing on August 12, 2025. The Reverse Stock Split did not affect the total number of shares of capital stock, including our Common Stock, that we are authorized to issue, which remain as set forth pursuant to the Restated Certificate of Incorporation. Unless the context expressly dictates otherwise, all references to share and per share amounts referred to in this prospectus give effect to the Reverse Stock Split.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer/Chief Operating Officer and certain directors have agreed to participate in this offering at the public offering price and on the same terms as the other purchasers in this offering.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong>INVESTING IN OUR SECURITIES INVOLVES RISKS. YOU SHOULD REVIEW CAREFULLY THE RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES DESCRIBED UNDER THE HEADING &#8220;RISK FACTORS&#8221; BEGINNING ON PAGE 7 OF THIS PROSPECTUS AND UNDER SIMILAR HEADINGS IN THE OTHER DOCUMENTS THAT ARE INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE INTO THIS PROSPECTUS.</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong>NEITHER THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION NOR ANY STATE SECURITIES COMMISSION HAS APPROVED OR DISAPPROVED OF THESE SECURITIES OR PASSED UPON THE ADEQUACY OR ACCURACY OF THIS PROSPECTUS. ANY REPRESENTATION TO THE CONTRARY IS A CRIMINAL OFFENSE.</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;"></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td>&nbsp;</td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;text-align:left;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td class="hdcell" style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 1px solid;width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Per Share of </strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Common Stock</strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>and</strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Accompanying</strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Common</strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Warrants </strong></p></td> <td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td class="hdcell" style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 1px solid;width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Per Pre-Funded </strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Warrant and</strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Accompanying</strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Common</strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Warrants </strong></p></td> <td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td class="hdcell" style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 1px solid;width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Total</strong></p></td> <td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#cceeff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">Public offering price<sup style="vertical-align:super">(1)</sup></p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;vertical-align:bottom;white-space: nowrap;">$</td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">6.50</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;vertical-align:bottom;white-space: nowrap;">$</td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">6.4999</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;vertical-align:bottom;white-space: nowrap;">$</td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">15,799,800</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#ffffff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">Underwriting discounts and commissions<sup style="vertical-align:super">(2)</sup></p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;vertical-align:bottom;white-space: nowrap;">$</td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">0.455</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;vertical-align:bottom;white-space: nowrap;">$</td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">0.45499</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;vertical-align:bottom;white-space: nowrap;">$</td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">1,105,986</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#cceeff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">Proceeds to us, before expenses<sup style="vertical-align:super">(3)</sup></p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;vertical-align:bottom;white-space: nowrap;">$</td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">6.045</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;vertical-align:bottom;white-space: nowrap;">$</td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">6.04491</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;vertical-align:bottom;white-space: nowrap;">$</td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">14,693,814</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">(1) </p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">The combined public offering price is $6.50 per share of Common Stock and accompanying Common Warrants and $6.4999 per Pre-Funded Warrant and accompanying Common Warrants.</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">(2)</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">Represents a cash fee equal to 7.0% of the aggregate purchase price paid by investors in this offering. In addition, we have also agreed to reimburse certain expenses of the Underwriters in connection with the offering and have agreed to issue to the Underwriters warrants to purchase up to 48,615 shares of Common Stock. See the section titled &#8220;Underwriting&#8221; in this prospectus for additional disclosure regarding compensation payable to the Underwriters.</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">(3)</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">Does not include proceeds from the exercise of the Common Warrants and/or Pre-Funded Warrants in cash, if any.</p></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We have granted A.G.P., the representative of the Underwriters, an option to purchase from us, at the public offering price, up to additional 364,615 shares of Common Stock (or Pre-Funded Warrants sold in lieu) and accompanying Common Warrants (15% of the Common Stock, or Pre-Funded Warrants sold in lieu, sold in this offering), less the underwriting discounts and commissions, within 45 days from the date of this prospectus to cover over-allotments, if any. If A.G.P. exercises the option in full, the total underwriting discounts and commissions payable will be $165,900 and the total proceeds to us before expenses will be approximately $2,204,098.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Delivery of the securities is expected to be made on or about November 12, 2025, subject to customary closing conditions and specifically the re-listing of the Company&#8217;s Common Stock on the NYSE American. </p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><em>Sole Book-Running Manager </em></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong><font style="font-size:18pt">A.G.P.</font></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><em>Lead Manager </em></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong>LAIDLAW &amp; COMPANY (UK) LTD.</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong>The date of this prospectus is November 5, 2025</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;"></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td>&nbsp;</td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong><a name="toc">TABLE OF CONTENTS</a></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font-size:10pt;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 1px solid;width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Page</strong></p></td> <td style="width:1%;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#cceeff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><a href="#CAUTIONARYNOTE">CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS</a></p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:bottom;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:right;margin:0px">ii </p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#ffffff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><a href="#ABOUTTHISPROSPECTUS">ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS </a></p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:bottom;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:right;margin:0px">1</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#cceeff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><a href="#SUMMARY">SUMMARY</a></p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:right;margin:0px">2</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#ffffff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><a href="#THEOFFERING">THE OFFERING</a></p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:right;margin:0px">5</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#cceeff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><a href="#RISKFACTORS">RISK FACTORS</a></p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:right;margin:0px">7</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#ffffff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><a href="#USEOFPROCEEDS">USE OF PROCEEDS</a></p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:right;margin:0px">13</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#cceeff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><a href="#DILUTION">DILUTION</a></p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:right;margin:0px">14</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#ffffff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><a href="#DIVIDENDPOLICY">DIVIDEND POLICY</a></p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:right;margin:0px">16</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#cceeff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><a href="#DESCRIPTIONOFSECURITIESOFFERED">DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OFFERED</a></p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:right;margin:0px">16</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#ffffff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><a href="#UNDERWRITING">UNDERWRITING </a></p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:right;margin:0px">22</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#cceeff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><a href="#LEGALMATTERS">LEGAL MATTERS</a></p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:right;margin:0px">26</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#ffffff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><a href="#EXPERTS">EXPERTS</a></p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:right;margin:0px">26</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#cceeff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><a href="#WHEREYOUCAN">WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION</a></p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:right;margin:0px">27</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#ffffff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><a href="#INFORMATIONwe">INFORMATION WE INCORPORATE BY REFERENCE</a></p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:right;margin:0px">28</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px">i</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong><a name="CAUTIONARYNOTE">CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS</a></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">This prospectus, including the documents incorporated by reference, contains, and any prospectus supplement may contain, &#8220;forward-looking statements&#8221; as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 that involve risks and uncertainties. These statements relate to future events or to our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font-size:10pt;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="width:4%;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">our significant operating losses since our inception and our need to obtain additional financing has caused management to determine there is substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">our ability to obtain additional financing on terms acceptable to us, or at all, including unavailability of funds or delays in receiving funds as a result of economic disruptions;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">our expectation that we will incur losses for the foreseeable future and may never achieve or maintain profitability;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected by increases in costs of and delays in conducting human clinical trials and the performance of our contractors and suppliers, reduction in our productivity or the productivity of our contractors and suppliers, supply chain constraints, and labor shortages;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">whether Cosette Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (&#8220;Cosette&#8221;), which acquired our product Vyleesi&#174; (the trade name for bremelanotide for treatment of hyperactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women) in December 2023, will have sufficient sales to generate significant milestone payments under our purchase agreement with Cosette;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">the results of clinical trials with our late-stage products, including co-administration of bremelanotide with tirzepatide, a GLP-1 agonist for treatment of obesity, which entered Phase 2 in the second quarter of calendar year 2024 with topline results announced in March 2025, in which co-administration demonstrated an increased weight loss over tirzepatide alone; a novel once-weekly melanocortin receptor-4 (&#8220;MC4R&#8221;) peptide agonist for obesity indications, with an Investigational New Drug (&#8220;IND&#8221;) filing projected in the first quarter of calendar year 2026; PL7737, an oral small molecule MCRR agonist, with an IND filing projected in the first quarter of calendar year 2026; PL9643, an ophthalmic peptide solution for dry eye disease (&#8220;DED&#8221;), which completed a first Phase 3 clinical trials with top line results announced from the Phase 3 clinical trial in the first quarter of calendar year 2024 and which has concluded a positive Type C meeting with the FDA and can, depending on financial resources and product development priority, commence patient enrollment as early as the second half of calendar year 2025; </p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">PL8177, an oral peptide formulation for treatment of ulcerative colitis, which entered Phase 2 clinical trials in the third quarter of calendar year 2022 and announced topline results in March 2025, with one-third of patients dosed with PL8177 achieving clinical remission while the placebo group saw no clinical remission; and an MC4 agonist for diabetic nephropathy, which reported positive topline date in the fourth quarter of 2024;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">estimates of our expenses, future revenue and capital requirements;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">our ability to achieve profitability;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">our ability to advance product candidates into, and successfully complete, clinical trials;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">the initiation, timing, progress and results of future preclinical studies and clinical trials, and our research and development programs;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">the timing or likelihood of regulatory filings and approvals;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">our expectations regarding the clinical efficacy and utility of our melanocortin agonist product candidates for treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune related diseases and disorders, including ocular indications;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">our ability to compete with other products and technologies treating the same or similar indications as our product candidates;</p></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px">ii</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font-size:10pt;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="width:4%;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">the ability of our third-party collaborators to timely carry out their duties under their agreements with us;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">our ability to recognize the potential value of our licensing arrangements with third parties;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">the potential to achieve revenues from the sale of our product candidates;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">our ability to obtain adequate reimbursement from private insurers and other healthcare payers;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">our ability to maintain product liability insurance at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts, if at all;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">the performance and retention of our management team, senior staff professionals, other employees, and third-party contractors and consultants;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">the scope of protection we are able to establish and maintain for intellectual property rights covering our product candidates and technology in the United States and throughout the world;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">our compliance with federal and state laws and regulations;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">the timing and costs associated with obtaining regulatory approval for our product candidates;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">the impact of fluctuations in foreign exchange rates;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">the impact of any geopolitical instability, economic uncertainty, financial markets volatility, or capital markets disruption resulting from the ongoing Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Hamas military conflicts, and any resulting effects on our revenue, financial condition, or results of operations;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">the impact of legislative or regulatory healthcare reforms in the United States; </p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">our ability to adapt to changes in global economic conditions as well as competing products and technologies; and </p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">our ability to re-list our Common Stock on the NYSE American. </p></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">In some cases, you can identify these statements by terms such as &#8220;anticipate,&#8221; &#8220;believe,&#8221; &#8220;could,&#8221; &#8220;estimate,&#8221; &#8220;expect,&#8221; &#8220;intend,&#8221; &#8220;may,&#8221; &#8220;plan,&#8221; &#8220;potential,&#8221; &#8220;predict,&#8221; &#8220;project,&#8221; &#8220;should,&#8221; &#8220;will,&#8221; &#8220;would&#8221; or the negative of those terms, and similar expressions that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes. These forward-looking statements reflect our management&#8217;s beliefs and views with respect to future events and are based on estimates and assumptions as of the date of this prospectus and are subject to risks and uncertainties. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In addition, statements that &#8220;we believe&#8221; and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this prospectus, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">You should carefully read this prospectus, any related free writing prospectus, the documents that we incorporate by reference into this prospectus, and the documents we reference in this prospectus and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of the forward-looking statements in this prospectus by these cautionary statements.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements publicly, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px">iii</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong><a name="ABOUTTHISPROSPECTUS">ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS</a></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">This prospectus is part of a registration statement that we have filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#8220;SEC&#8221;). You should read this prospectus, and any applicable prospectus supplement, together with the information incorporated herein by reference as described under the headings &#8220;Where You Can Find More Information&#8221; and &#8220;Information We Incorporate by Reference.&#8221;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">You should rely only on the information that we have provided or incorporated by reference in this prospectus, which may be amended, supplemented, or superseded from time to time by other reports that we subsequently file with the SEC. We have not authorized, nor have the Underwriters authorized, any dealer, salesperson, or other person to give any information or to make any representation other than those contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus. You should not rely upon any information or representation not contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus. We take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">This prospectus does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities other than the registered securities to which they relate, nor does this prospectus constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy securities in any jurisdiction to any person to whom it is unlawful to make such offer or solicitation in such jurisdiction. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus is accurate on any date subsequent to the date set forth on the front of the document or that any information we have incorporated by reference is correct on any date subsequent to the date of the document incorporated by reference, even though this prospectus is delivered or securities are sold on a later date.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">References in this prospectus to the terms &#8220;<em>we</em>,&#8221; &#8220;<em>us</em>,&#8221; or the &#8220;<em>Company</em>&#8221; or other similar terms mean Palatin Technologies, Inc. and its subsidiary, unless we state otherwise or the context indicates otherwise.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">1</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font-size:10pt;border-top:#000000 1px solid;border-right:#000000 1px solid;border-bottom:#000000 1px solid;text-align:justify;border-left:#000000 1px solid;width:100%" cellpadding="2"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td colspan="3" style="padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong><a name="SUMMARY">SUMMARY</a></strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><em>This summary highlights certain information appearing elsewhere in this prospectus and in the documents we incorporate by reference into this prospectus. The summary is not complete and does not contain all of the information that you should consider before investing in our common stock. After you read this summary, you should read and carefully consider the entire prospectus and the more detailed information and financial statements and related notes that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus.</em></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><strong>Overview</strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">We are a biopharmaceutical company developing first-in-class medicines based on molecules that modulate the activity of the melanocortin receptor systems. Our product candidates are targeted, receptor-specific therapeutics for the treatment of diseases with significant unmet medical need and commercial potential.</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><em>Melanocortin Receptor System</em>. The MCR system has effects on inflammation and immune system response, food intake, metabolism, and sexual function. There are five melanocortin receptors, MC1R through MC5R. Modulation of these receptors, through use of receptor-specific agonists, which activate receptor function, or receptor-specific antagonists, which block receptor function, can have significant pharmacological effects. We believe that our MC1R agonist peptides have broad anti-inflammatory effects and utilize mechanisms engaged by the endogenous melanocortin system in regulation of the immune system and resolution of inflammatory responses. We are also developing peptides that are active at more than one melanocortin receptor and small molecule MCr agonists.</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">Our product development activities focus primarily on use of MC4r agonists for treatment of obesity. The Company is developing MC4R peptides and small molecule agonists with potential utility in obesity and metabolic-related disorders, rare MC4R pathway diseases, such as hypothalamic obesity, and orphan indications. </p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">We are also developing, dependent on resources for development activities, MC1R agonist products, with potential to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as dry eye disease, which is also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, and inflammatory bowel disease. The Company believes that the MC1R agonist peptides in development have broad anti-inflammatory effects and appear to utilize mechanisms engaged by the endogenous melanocortin system in regulation of the immune system and resolution of inflammatory responses. The Company is also developing, dependent on resources for development activities, peptides and small molecules that are active at more than one melanocortin receptor, with potential utility in obesity and metabolic-related disorders, rare MC4R pathway diseases, such as hypothalamic obesity, and orphan indications. </p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">In the first quarter of calendar year 2025, we reported positive topline data in a Phase 2 clinical study for the treatment of obesity with co-administration of the melanocortin agonist bremelanotide with tirzepatide, a GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) agonist. </p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">Our new product development strategy focuses on development of MC4R selective agonists with improved pharmacokinetic properties. This includes a modified MC4R peptide with an extended drug residency time and minimal blood pressure effects and a MC4R selective oral small molecule. </p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">Activities in inflammation disease indications focus primarily on development of MCR peptides for ocular conditions, and in the gut and kidney. Utilizing peptides which are agonists at MC1R, and in some instances agonists at additional melanocortin receptors, we are developing products to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as dry eye disease (also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca), uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, and inflammatory bowel disease. We are actively engaged in discussions with potential partners and licensees that have the financial and operational resources to progress our products for ocular conditions through development, approval and commercialization</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">Our U.S. Food and Drug Administration (&#8220;FDA&#8221;) approved melanocortin receptor agonist, Vyleesi, an &#8220;as needed&#8221; therapy used in anticipation of sexual activity and self-administered in the thigh or abdomen via a single-use subcutaneous auto-injector by premenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder (&#8220;HSDD&#8221;), was acquired by Cosette in December 2023. Vyleesi is the first FDA-approved melanocortin agent and the first and only FDA-approved as-needed treatment for premenopausal women with HSDD.</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">Our program for treatment of retinal diseases and glaucoma culminated in an agreement with Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH (&#8220;Boehringer Ingelheim&#8221;), which acquired certain Palatin patent applications to first-in-class melanocortin receptor-targeted peptides developed by Palatin in August 2025. We retain rights to PL9643, which has successfully completed a first Phase 3 clinical trial for dry eye disease </p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><em>Our Business Strategy</em>. Key elements of our business strategy include:</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;width:4%;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;width:4%;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">Maintaining a team to create, develop and commercialize MCR products addressing unmet medical needs;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">Entering into strategic alliances and partnerships with pharmaceutical companies to facilitate the development, manufacture, marketing, sale, and distribution of product candidates that we are developing;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">Partially funding our product development programs with the cash flow generated from the sale of Vyleesi to Cosette and existing license agreements, as well as any future research, collaboration, or license agreements; and</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">Completing development and seeking regulatory approval of certain of our other product candidates.</p></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">2</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font-size:10pt;border-top:#000000 1px solid;border-right:#000000 1px solid;border-bottom:#000000 1px solid;text-align:justify;border-left:#000000 1px solid;width:100%" cellpadding="2"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">The following chart illustrates the status of our drug development programs. </p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><img src="ptn_424b4img2.jpg"></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><strong>Implications of Being a Smaller Reporting Company</strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">Because our annual revenue was less than $100.0 million during the most recently completed fiscal year, and the market value of our voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates was less than $560.0 million on the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter, we qualify as a &#8220;smaller reporting company&#8221; as defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the &#8220;Exchange Act&#8221;). Accordingly, we may provide less public disclosure than larger public companies, including the inclusion of only two years of audited financial statements and only two years of related selected financial data and management&#8217;s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations disclosure. As a result, the information that we provide to our stockholders may be different than you might receive from other public reporting companies in which you hold equity interests.</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><strong>NYSE Listing Compliance and Delisting</strong>&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">On October 10, 2023, we received written notification from the NYSE American that we are not in compliance with Section 1003(a)(i) and (ii) of the NYSE American Company Guide. Section 1003(a)(i) requires a listed company to have stockholders&#8217; equity of $2 million or more if the listed company has reported losses from continuing operations and/or net losses in two of its three most recent fiscal years, and Section 1003(a)(ii) requires a listed company to have stockholders&#8217; equity of $4 million or more if the listed company has reported losses from continuing operations and/or net losses in three of its four most recent fiscal years. The Company submitted a plan to regain compliance (the &#8220;Plan&#8221;) to the NYSE American on November 9, 2023, addressing how the Company intended to regain compliance with these requirements by April 10, 2025.</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">On December 13, 2023, the Company received notice from the NYSE American that it had accepted the Company&#8217;s Plan and granted a plan period through April 10, 2025 to regain compliance with the continued listing standards. </p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">On October 4, 2024, we received written notification from the NYSE American that we are not in compliance with Section 1003(a)(iii) of the NYSE American Company Guide, which requires a listed company to have stockholders&#8217; equity of $6 million or more if the listed company has reported losses from continuing operations and/or net losses in its five most recent fiscal years. The Plan then included continued listing standards under Section 1003(a)(iii).</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">On April 10, 2025, the Company received written notification from the NYSE American stating that the NYSE Regulation determined to commence proceedings to delist the Company&#8217;s Common Stock from NYSE American. NYSE Regulation has determined the Company is no longer suitable for listing pursuant to Section 1009(a) of the NYSE American Company Guide as the Company was unable to demonstrate that it had regained compliance with Sections 1003(a)(i), (ii) and (iii) of the NYSE American Company Guide by the end of the maximum 18-month compliance plan period, which expired on April 10, 2025. On April 14, 2025, the Company appealed the NYSE Regulation&#8217;s decision and on April 15, 2025, the Company requested a hearing with the office of the General Counsel of the NYSE American. On April 28, 2025, the Company received notice that their hearing would be on June 12, 2025.</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">On May 7, 2025, the Company received notice from the NYSE Regulation that it had suspended trading of the Company&#8217;s Common Stock on the NYSE American and determined to commence proceedings to delist the Company&#8217;s common stock from the NYSE American as a result of its determination that the Company is no longer suitable for listing pursuant to Section 1003(f)(v) of the NYSE American Company Guide due to the low selling price of the Company&#8217;s common stock. Trading of the Company&#8217;s common stock on the NYSE American was suspended on May 7, 2025 and began trading on the OTC Pink Market on May 8, 2025 and on the OCTQB Market on August 12, 2025.</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">The Company timely filed an appeal and a hearing was held on June 18, 2025. On July 7, 2025, the Company received written notification from the NYSE American stating that a Listing Qualifications Panel of the Exchange&#8217;s Committee for Review (the &#8220;Committee for Review&#8221;) had unanimously determined to affirm the decision of the staff of NYSE American to initiate delisting proceedings of the Company&#8217;s common stock pursuant to Sections 1003(a) and 1003(f)(v) of the NYSE American Company Guide.</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">On November 7, 2025, the Company received written notice from the NYSE American approving the re-listing of its Common Stock on the NYSE American LLC. Trading on the NYSE American is expected to resume on November 12, 2025, under the symbol &#8220;PTN.&#8221;</p></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">3</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font-size:10pt;border-top:#000000 1px solid;border-right:#000000 1px solid;border-bottom:#000000 1px solid;text-align:justify;border-left:#000000 1px solid;width:100%" cellpadding="2"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><strong>Recent Developments</strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><strong><em>Reverse Stock Split </em></strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">On August 6, we filed a certificate of amendment to our Restated Certificate of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of Delaware to effect a 1-for-50 reverse stock split of the outstanding shares of our common stock. The Company&#8217;s stockholders previously approved the Reverse Stock Split at our annual meeting of stockholders held on July 25, 2025. The Reverse Stock Split became effective after market on August 11, 2025 with the Company&#8217;s Common Stock trading on the OTCQB on a split-adjusted basis at market open on August 12, 2025. </p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><strong><em>Boehringer Ingelheim Agreement </em></strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">On August 14, 2025, we entered into a Research Collaboration, License and Patent Assignment Agreement (the &#8220;BI Agreement&#8221;) with Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH (&#8220;BI&#8221;) to research, develop and commercialize first-in-class melanocortin receptor-targeted peptides developed by Palatin for the treatment of retinal diseases, including diabetic retinopathy.</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">Under the terms of the BI Agreement, we assigned certain patent rights to BI (the &#8220;Assigned Patents&#8221;), and we will conduct collaborative research with BI at BI&#8217;s expense focused on development during a two-year period, which BI has the right to extend by up to 6 months.</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">Additionally, under the terms of the BI Agreement, we will receive an upfront payment of &#8364;2.0 million ($2.3 million USD), up to &#8364;18.0 million ($21.2 million USD) in near-term research milestone payments, and up to &#8364;260 million ($307.0 million USD) in success-based development, regulatory, and commercial milestone payments, plus tiered royalties on net commercial sales of the products. The royalty payments are subject to reduction due to patent expiration, generic competition and payments made under certain licenses for third-party intellectual property.</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">The BI Agreement will continue, on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis, until the expiration of the applicable royalty term, unless earlier terminated. BI has the right to terminate the BI Agreement for any reason after a specified notice period. Each party has the right to terminate the BI Agreement on account of the other party&#8217;s bankruptcy or material, uncured breach.</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><strong><em>Litigation</em></strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">On February 13, 2025, a complaint was filed in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York, captioned <em>H.C. Wainwright &amp; Co., LLC (&#8220;Wainwright&#8221;) v. Palatin Technologies, Inc.</em>, Case No: 650878/2025. The complaint names the Company as defendant, asserting three causes of action for breach of contract and seeking monetary damages and the award of warrants allegedly due under the parties&#8217; agreement. The breach of contract claims each relate to the engagement agreement entered into by the Company and Wainwright on or about January 29, 2024. On March 20, 2025, the Company filed its answer in response to the complaint, in which it denied all liability and asserted several affirmative defenses. The Company plans to vigorously defend against the lawsuit and the action will proceed next to the discovery stage and for further proceedings.</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><strong>Corporate Information</strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on November 21, 1986, and commenced operations in the biopharmaceutical area in 1996. Our corporate offices are located at 103 Carnegie Center, Suite, 300, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, and our mailing address is 11 Deer Park Drive, Suite 204, Monmouth Junction, New Jersey 08852, and our telephone number is (609) 495-2200. We maintain a website at http://www.palatin.com, where, among other things, we make available free of charge our Forms 3, 4 and 5, annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) and Section 16 of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Our website and the information contained in it or connected to it are not incorporated into this prospectus and should not be considered to be part of this prospectus. Our website address is included in this prospectus as an inactive textual reference only.</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC <em>(www.sec.gov</em>).</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">Palatin Technologies&#174; is a registered trademark of the Company, and Palatin&#8482; and the Palatin logo are trademarks of the Company. Other trademarks referred to in this prospectus are the property of their respective owners.</p></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">4</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font-size:10pt;border-top:#000000 1px solid;border-right:#000000 1px solid;border-bottom:#000000 1px solid;text-align:justify;border-left:#000000 1px solid;width:100%" cellpadding="2"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td colspan="3" style="padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong><a name="THEOFFERING">THE OFFERING</a></strong></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;width:16%;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;width:1%;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><strong>Common Stock Offered By Us: </strong></p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">448,769 shares of Common Stock, and accompanying Series J Common Warrants to purchase up to 2,430,769 shares of Common Stock and Series K Common Warrants to purchase up to 2,430,769 shares of Common Stock. </p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">This prospectus also relates to the offering of the shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants. For more information regarding the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants, you should carefully read the section titled &#8220;Description of Securities Offered&#8221; in this prospectus. </p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><strong>Pre-Funded Warrants Offered By Us:</strong></p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">We are also offering 1,982,000 Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase up to 1,982,000 shares of Common stock to each purchaser whose purchase of shares of Common Stock in this offering would otherwise result in the purchaser, together with its affiliates and certain related parties, beneficially owning more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%) of our outstanding Common Stock immediately following the consummation of this offering, in lieu of shares that would otherwise result in the purchaser&#8217;s beneficial ownership exceeding 4.99% of our outstanding Common Stock (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%). The purchase price of each Pre-Funded Warrant and accompanying Common Warrants will equal the price at which one share of Common Stock and accompanying Common Warrants are being sold to the public in this offering, minus $0.0001, and the exercise price of each Pre-Funded Warrant will be $0.0001 per share. The Pre-Funded Warrants will be exercisable immediately and may be exercised at any time until all of the Pre-Funded Warrants are exercised in full. </p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><strong>Common Warrants Offered By US</strong></p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">Each share of Common Stock each Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase one share of Common Stock is being sold together with an accompanying Series J Common Warrants to purchase up to 2,430,769 shares of Common Stock and Series K Common Warrants to purchase up to 2,430,769 shares of Common Stock. The shares of Common Stock or the Pre-Funded Warrants, and accompanying Common Warrants are immediately separable and will be issued separately in this offering, but must initially be purchased together in this offering. Each Series J Common Warrant will have an exercise price of $6.50 per share and will be immediately exercisable. Each Series K Common Warrant will have an exercise price of $8.125 per share and will be immediately exercisable. The Series J Common Warrants will expire on the earlier of (i) the eighteen (18) -month anniversary of the original issuance date or (ii) the expiration of the FDA Exercise Period. The Series K Common Warrants will expire on the five (5)-year anniversary of the original issuance date, however, if a holder&#8217;s Series J Common Warrants have not been terminated in accordance with their terms prior to the expiration of the FDA Exercise Period, such holder&#8217;s Series K Common Warrants will terminate automatically upon the earlier of the (i) eighteen (18)-month anniversary of the original issuance date of the Series J Common Warrant or (ii) the expiration of the FDA Exercise Period and prior to the five(5)-year anniversary of the issuance of the Series K Common Warrant. The terms of the Common Warrants will be extended in the event there is no effective registration statement or prospectus related to the Common Warrants and shares of common stock underlying the Common Warrants for an additional 30 day period following the FDA Exercise Period once an effective registration statement or prospectus is available.</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">This prospectus also relates to the offering of the shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants. For more information regarding the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants, you should carefully read the section titled &#8220;Description of Securities Offered&#8221; in this prospectus. </p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><strong>Underwriters Compensation </strong></p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">The Underwriters will receive an underwriting discount equal to 7.0% of the gross proceeds from the sale of securities in the offering. In addition, we have also agreed to reimburse the Underwriters for certain out-of-pocket actual expenses related to the offering and have agreed to issue to the Underwriters warrants to purchase up to 48,615 shares of Common Stock. See the section titled &#8220;Underwriting&#8221; in this prospectus.</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><strong>Use of Proceeds:</strong></p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">We currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering primarily for working capital and general corporate purposes, including for development work on our product development activities which focus primarily on use of MC4R agonists for treatment of obesity. We are developing MC4R peptides and small molecule agonists with potential utility in obesity and metabolic-related disorders, rare MC4R pathway diseases, such as hypothalamic obesity, and orphan indications. See the section titled &#8220;Use of Proceeds&#8221; for additional information.</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><strong>Over-allotment option:</strong></p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">We have granted A.G.P. an option for a period of up to 45 days to purchase, at the public offering price, up to 364,615 additional shares of Common Stock, less underwriting discounts and commissions, to cover over-allotments, if any.</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><strong>Lock-Up:</strong></p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">Our directors and officers have agreed with the Underwriters, subject to certain exceptions, not to sell, transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any of the Common Stock or securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for the Common Stock for a period of 60 days after the completion of this offering.</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:left;margin:0px"><strong>Standstill and Variable Rate Transaction Prohibition:</strong></p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">We have agreed, subject to certain exceptions, not to issue, enter into any agreement to issue or announce the issuance or proposed issuance of, any shares of Common Stock (or securities convertible into or exercisable for Common Stock) or, subject to certain exceptions, file any registration statement, including any amendments or supplements thereto (other than the registration statement or amendment to the registration statement relating to the securities offered hereunder and a registration statement on Form S-8), until 45 days after the completion of this offering.</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">We have also agreed not to enter into or issuance any shares pursuant to a variable rate transaction (as defined in the underwriting agreement) for four months after the completion of this offering, provided that for the period commencing on the 46th day following the completion of this offering, we will be permitted to make any sales under any &#8220;at-the-market offering&#8221; sales agreement.</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">See &#8220;Underwriting&#8221; for more information.</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><strong>Insider Participation:</strong></p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer/Chief Operating Officer and certain directors have agreed to participate in this offering at the public offering price and on the same terms as the other purchasers in this offering. </p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><strong>Risk Factors:</strong></p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">You should carefully read and consider the information set forth under the section titled &#8220;Risk Factors,&#8221; together with all of the other information set forth in this prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus, before deciding to invest in our securities.</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><strong>OTCQB Symbol:</strong></p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">PTNT</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><strong>NYSE American Symbol: </strong></p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">PTN </p></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">5</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font-size:10pt;border-top:#000000 1px solid;border-right:#000000 1px solid;border-bottom:#000000 1px solid;text-align:justify;border-left:#000000 1px solid;width:100%" cellpadding="2"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td colspan="3" style="padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">Unless otherwise indicated, all information in this prospectus related to the number of shares of our common stock to be outstanding immediately after this offering is based on 973,291 shares of our common stock outstanding as of November 5, 2025. The number of shares outstanding as of November 5, 2025, excludes:</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;width:4%;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;width:4%;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">278 shares issuable on the conversion of our immediately convertible Series A Preferred Stock, subject to adjustment, for no further consideration;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">61,816 shares issuable on the conversion of our immediately convertible Series D Preferred Stock, subject to adjustment, for no further consideration;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">40,287 shares issuable upon exercise of stock options with a weighted-average exercise price of $293.29 per share;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">12,248 shares issuable under restricted stock units which will vest on dates between June 24, 2026 and June 4, 2028, subject to the fulfillment of service or performance conditions;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">9,980 shares of common stock which have vested under restricted stock unit agreements, but are subject to provisions to delay delivery;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">1,333 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants at an exercise price of $625.00 per share, which expire on May 11, 2026;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">37,712 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of Series B warrants at an exercise price of $94.00 per share. 5,228 Series B warrants expire on June 24, 2024 and 32,484 Series B warrants expire on July 25, 2030, the five-year anniversary from the date of stockholder approval;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">36,630 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of common warrants at an exercise price of $273.00 per share, which expire on February 1, 2028;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">1,831 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the placement agent warrants issued to the placement agent or its designees as compensation in connection with the Company&#8217;s February 1, 2024 offering, with an exercise price of $341.25 per share, which expire on February 1, 2028;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">1,818 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the placement agent warrants issued to the placement agent or its designees as compensation in connection with the Company&#8217;s October 2022 offering, with an exercise price of $343.75 per share, which expire on of October 31, 2027;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">78,153 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of Series C warrants issued in the Company&#8217;s December 2024 Offering, with an exercise price of $43.75 per share, which expire on December 17, 2029;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">2,358 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the placement agent warrants issued to the placement agent or its designees as compensation in connection with the October 2023 Offering, with an exercise price of $132.50 per share, which expire on October 20, 2028;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">39,076 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of Series D warrants issued in the Company&#8217;s December 2024 Offering, with an exercise price of $43.75 per share, which expire on July 25, 2030, the five-year anniversary from the date of stockholder approval;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">93,760 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of Series E warrants issued in the Company&#8217;s February 2025 Offering, with an exercise price of $50.00 per share, which expire on August 12, 2030;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">146,479 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of Series F warrants issued in the Company&#8217;s May 2025 Offering, with an exercise price of $15.00 per share, which expire on May 8, 2030;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">102,720 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of Series G warrants issued in the Company&#8217;s May 2025 Offering, with an exercise price of $7.50 per share, which expire on the earlier of the 31<sup style="vertical-align:super">st </sup>calendar day following the date the Company receives the U.S. Food and Drug Administration acceptance of the Company&#8217;s investigational new drug for an in-house obesity treatment compound (long-acting peptide or oral small molecule), provided that, if such date is not a trading day, the termination date shall be immediately following the trading day or May 8, 2027;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">43,759 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of Series H warrants, which are only issued upon exercise of Series G warrants, with an exercise price of $11.25 per share, which expire 24 months from the date of issuance;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">123,636 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of Series I warrants issued in the Company&#8217;s June 2025 Series D Convertible Preferred Stock Offering, with an exercise price of $5.50 per share, which expire on July 25, 2030, the five-year anniversary from the date of stockholder approval; and</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding:2px;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">69,723 shares of common stock available for future issuance under our 2011 Stock Incentive Plan. </p></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">6</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong><a name="RISKFACTORS">RISK FACTORS</a></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><em>Investing in our securities involves risk. Prior to making a decision about investing in our securities, you should carefully consider the risk factors below as well as those discussed under the heading &#8220;Risk Factors&#8221; in our most recent annual report on Form 10-K and any subsequent quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, which are incorporated herein by reference and may be amended, supplemented, or superseded from time to time by other reports we have filed with the SEC or will file with the SEC in the future. If any of these risks actually occurs, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could suffer. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose all or a part of your investment.</em></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong>Risks Related to Our Financial Results and Need for Financing</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>We have a history of substantial net losses, including a net loss of $17.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2025. We expect to incur substantial net losses over the next few years, and we may never achieve or maintain profitability.</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">As of June 30, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $459.1 million. We had $17.3 million in net loss for the year ended June 30, 2025, compared to $29.7 million in net loss for the year ended June 30, 2024. We may not achieve or sustain profitability in future years, depending on numerous factors, including whether and when development and product commercialization milestones are met, whether and when we enter into license agreements for any of our products under development, regulatory actions by the FDA and other regulatory bodies, the performance of our licensees, and market acceptance of our products.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We expect to incur significant expenses as we continue our development of MC1R and MCR products. These expenses, among other things, have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our stockholders&#8217; equity, total assets and working capital.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We sold our Vyleesi product to Cosette in December 2023 and have the potential to receive milestone payments based on sales of Vyleesi by Cosette. However, we do not anticipate receiving significant milestone payments for the next 12 to 24 months and may never receive significant milestone payments. As announced on August 18, 2025, we entered into a global research collaboration and licensing agreement with Boehringer Ingelheim to develop an innovative melanocortin receptor- based therapy for retinal diseases. Under the terms of the agreement, Palatin received an upfront payment of &#8364;2.0 million ($2.3 million USD), up to &#8364;18.0 million ($21.2 million USD) in near-term research milestone payments, and up to &#8364;260 million ($307.0 million USD) in success-based development, regulatory, and commercial milestone payments, plus tiered royalties on net commercial sales of Products. However, we do not anticipate receiving significant milestone payments, other than development milestone payments, for the next 12 to 24 months and may never receive significant milestone payments.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">For the foreseeable future, we will have to fund our operations and capital expenditures from license, royalty and contract revenue under license agreements, existing cash balances and outside sources of financing, which may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all. We will not have product revenue from our products in development unless and until we receive approval from the FDA or other equivalent regulatory authorities outside the United States. We have devoted substantially all of our efforts to research and development, including preclinical and clinical trials. Because of the numerous risks associated with developing drugs, we are unable to predict the extent of future losses, whether or when any of our product candidates will become commercially available, or when we will become profitable, if at all.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>We will need additional funding, including funding to complete clinical trials for our product candidates other than Vyleesi, which may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We intend to focus future efforts on our bremelanotide combination products, MC1R product candidates, primarily for ocular indications. As of June 30, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents $2.6 million, with current liabilities of $8.0 million. Based on our available cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, we have concluded that substantial doubt exists about our ability to continue as a going concern for one year after the date our consolidated financial statements contained in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 14, 2025 were issued, and we are seeking additional funding to complete development activities and required clinical trials for our MCR product candidates and, if those clinical trials are successful (which we cannot predict), to complete submission of required regulatory applications to the FDA.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We will need to raise additional capital, even if we raise the maximum amount offered in this offering, to fund our operations. We may raise additional funds through public or private equity or debt financings, collaborative arrangements on our product candidates, or other sources. However, such financing arrangements may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. To obtain additional funding, we may need to enter into arrangements that require us to develop only certain of our product candidates or relinquish rights to certain technologies, product candidates and/or potential markets.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">7</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">If we are unable to raise sufficient additional funds when needed, we may be required to curtail operations significantly, cease clinical trials, and decrease staffing levels. We may seek to license, sell or otherwise dispose of our product candidates, technologies and contractual rights on the best possible terms available. Even if we are able to license, sell or otherwise dispose of our product candidates, technologies and contractual rights, it is likely to be on unfavorable terms and for less value than if we had the financial resources to develop or otherwise advance our product candidates, technologies and contractual rights ourselves.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Our future capital requirements depend on many factors, including:</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font-size:10pt;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="width:4%;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">the expense and timing of obtaining regulatory approvals for our other product candidates;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">the number and characteristics of any additional product candidates we develop or acquire;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">the scope, progress, results and costs of researching and developing our future product candidates, and conducting preclinical and clinical trials;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">the cost of commercialization activities if any future product candidates are approved for sale, including marketing, sales and distribution costs;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">the cost of manufacturing any future product candidates and any products we successfully commercialize;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">our ability to establish and maintain strategic collaborations, licensing or other arrangements and the terms and timing of such arrangements;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">the degree and rate of market acceptance of any future approved products;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">the emergence, approval, availability, perceived advantages, relative cost, relative safety and relative efficacy of alternative and competing products or treatments;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">any product liability or other lawsuits related to our products;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">the expenses needed to attract and retain skilled personnel;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, defending and enforcing patent claims, including litigation costs and the outcome of such litigation; and</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">the timing, receipt and amount of sales of, or royalties on, future approved products, if any.</p></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Changes in funding for the FDA, the SEC and other government agencies could hinder their ability to hire and retain key leadership and other personnel, prevent new products and services from being developed or commercialized in a timely manner or otherwise prevent those agencies from performing normal functions on which the operation of our business may rely, which could negatively impact our business.</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">The ability of the FDA to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept payment of user fees, and statutory, regulatory, and policy changes. Average review times at the agency have fluctuated in recent years as a result. In addition, government funding of the SEC and other government agencies on which our operations may rely, including those that fund research and development activities is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">On January 20, 2025, President Trump signed an executive order creating an advisory commission, the &#8220;Department of Government Efficiency,&#8221; to reform federal government processes and reduce expenditures. Pressures on and uncertainty surrounding the U.S. federal government&#8217;s budget, and potential changes in budgetary priorities and spending levels, could adversely affect staffing levels and the funding for the FDA. Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies due to these policies may slow the time necessary for new drugs to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business. For example, over the past decade, the U.S. government has shut down, at least partially, several times and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA and the SEC, have had to furlough critical FDA, SEC, and other government employees and stop critical activities. If a prolonged government shutdown occurs, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA to timely review and process our regulatory submissions which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Further, future government shutdowns could impact our ability to access the public markets and obtain necessary capital in order to properly capitalize and continue our operations.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">8</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Our Common Stock was suspended from trading on the NYSE American and we are currently not in compliance with the continued listing standards of the NYSE American. If we are successful in relisting our common stock on NYSE American, we will be required to comply with the continued listing standards of the NYSE American and make continued progress toward compliance consistent with a plan of compliance that we submitted to NYSE Regulation and failure to do so may result in the delisting of our common stock.</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Previously, we received written notification from the NYSE American that we are not in compliance with Section 1003(a)(i) and (ii) of the NYSE American Company Guide (the &#8220;Company Guide&#8221;). The Company submitted a plan to regain compliance, which was accepted by the NYSE American on December 13, 2023, and was granted a plan period through April 10, 2025, to regain compliance with the foregoing continued listing standards. On October 4, 2024, the Company received written notification from the NYSE American that the Company is not in compliance with Section 1003(a)(iii) of the Company Guide. The Company was not required to submit an additional plan of compliance in response to the additional deficiency identified by the NYSE American but had to regain compliance with Section 1003(a)(iii) of the Company Guide during the plan period under the accepted plan.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">On April 10, 2025, the Company received written notification from the NYSE American stating that the NYSE Regulation determined to commence proceedings to delist the Company&#8217;s Common Stock from NYSE American. NYSE Regulation has determined the Company is no longer suitable for listing pursuant to Section 1009(a) of the Company Guide as the Company was unable to demonstrate that it had regained compliance with Sections 1003(a)(i), (ii) and (iii) of the Company Guide by the end of the maximum 18-month compliance plan period, which expired on April 10, 2025. On April 14, 2025, the Company appealed the NYSE Regulation&#8217;s decision, and on April 15, 2025, the Company requested a hearing with the office of the General Counsel of the NYSE American.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">On May 7, 2025, the Company received notice from NYSE Regulation that it had suspended trading of the Company&#8217;s common stock on the NYSE American LLC stock exchange and determined to commence proceedings to delist the Company&#8217;s Common Stock from the NYSE American as a result of its determination that the Company is no longer suitable for listing pursuant to Section 1003(f)(v) of the Company Guide due to the low selling price of the Company&#8217;s Common Stock. Trading of the Company&#8217;s Common Stock on the NYSE American was suspended on May 7, 2025 and began trading on the OTC Pink Market on May 8, 2025 and on the OTCQB Market on August 12, 2025.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">The Company timely filed an appeal and a hearing was held on June 18, 2025. On July 7, 2025, the Company received written notification from the NYSE American stating that the Panel of the Exchange&#8217;s Committee for Review had unanimously determined to affirm the decision of the staff of NYSE American to initiate delisting proceedings of the Company&#8217;s Common Stock pursuant to Sections 1003(a) and 1003(f)(v) of the Company Guide.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">The Company exercised its right to have the full Committee for Review reconsider the Panel&#8217;s decision. On November 7, 2025, the Company received a written notification from the NYSE American that, subject to the closing of this offering and satisfaction of customary conditions, its Common Stock has been approved for re-listing on the NYSE American.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Because our Common Stock has been suspended from the NYSE American and is now listed on the OTCQB Market of the OTC Markets Group under the trading symbol &#8220;PTNT&#8221;, we could face significant material adverse consequences, including:</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font-size:10pt;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="width:4%;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">a limited availability of market quotations for our securities;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">reduced liquidity with respect to our securities;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">a determination that our shares of Common Stock are &#8220;penny stock&#8221; which will require brokers trading in our shares of Common Stock to adhere to more stringent rules, possibly resulting in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our shares of Common Stock; </p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">a limited amount of news and analyst coverage for our Company; and</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.</p></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">If we fail to meet the continues listing standards of the NYSE American, our Common Stock may be delisted. Such a delisting may also have a negative effect on the price of our Common Stock and may impair our investors&#8217; ability to sell or purchase our Common Stock when investors wish to do so.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">The National Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996, which is a federal statute, prevents or preempts the states from regulating the sale of certain securities, which are referred to as &#8220;covered securities.&#8221; Shares of our Common Stock were considered to be covered securities because they were listed on the NYSE American. Because our Common Stock is no longer listed on the NYSE American, our Common Stock would not be deemed covered securities and we are subject to regulation in each state in which we offer our securities.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong>Risks Related to this Offering</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>You will experience immediate and substantial dilution.</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Because the offering price per share in this offering exceeds the net tangible book value per share of our Common Stock outstanding prior to this offering you will incur an immediate and substantial dilution in the net tangible book value of the shares of Common Stock you purchase in this offering. After giving effect to the Pro Forma Events (as defined in the &#8220;Dilution&#8221; section of this prospectus) and to the sale by us of 2,430,769 shares of our Common Stock (including shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants) at the public offering price of $6.50 per share of Common Stock and accompanying Common Warrants, and after deducting Underwriters discounts and commissions payable by us, you will experience immediate dilution of approximately $3.52 per share.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We cannot assure you that we will be able to sell shares of Common Stock or other securities in any other offering at a price per share that is equal to or greater than the price per share paid in this offering, and investors purchasing shares of Common Stock or other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing stockholders, including investors who purchase shares of Common Stock and other securities in this offering. The price per share at which we sell additional shares of our Common Stock or securities convertible into common stock in future transactions, may be higher or lower than the price per share in this offering. Additionally, the exercise of warrants, exercise of outstanding stock options, conversion of outstanding preferred stock, and vesting of other stock awards may result in further dilution of your investment. See the section entitled &#8220;Dilution&#8221; appearing elsewhere in this prospectus for a more detailed illustration of the dilution you would incur if you participate in this offering.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>We have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from this offering and may not use them effectively.</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from this offering and could spend the proceeds in ways that do not improve our results of operations or enhance the value of the Common Stock. Our failure to apply these funds effectively could result in financial losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business, cause the price of our shares of Common Stock to decline, and delay the development of our product candidates. Pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds from this offering in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">9</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>The sale of our Common Stock in this offering and any future sales of our Common Stock, or the perception that such sales could occur, may depress our stock price and our ability to raise funds in new stock offerings.</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We may from time-to-time issue additional shares of Common Stock at a discount from the current trading price of our Common Stock. As a result, our stockholders would experience immediate dilution upon the purchase of any shares of our Common Stock sold at such discount. In addition, as opportunities present themselves, we may enter into financing or similar arrangements in the future, including the issuance of debt securities, preferred stock, or Common Stock. Sales of shares of our Common Stock in this offering may lower the market price of our Common Stock and may make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities or equity-related securities in the future at a time and price that our management deems acceptable, or at all.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>If the price of the Common Stock fluctuates significantly, your investment could lose value.</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Although the Common Stock is listed on the OTCQB, we cannot assure you that an active public market will continue for the Common Stock. If an active public market for the Common Stock does not continue, the trading price and liquidity of the Common Stock will be materially and adversely affected. If there is a thin trading market or &#8220;float&#8221; for our stock, the market price for the Common Stock may fluctuate significantly more than the stock market as a whole. Without a large float, the Common Stock would be less liquid than the stock of companies with broader public ownership and, as a result, the trading prices of the Common Stock may be more volatile. In addition, in the absence of an active public trading market, investors may be unable to liquidate their investment in us. Furthermore, the stock market is subject to significant price and volume fluctuations, and the price of the Common Stock could fluctuate widely in response to several factors, including:</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font-size:10pt;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="width:4%;"></td> <td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">our quarterly or annual operating results;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">investment recommendations by securities analysts following our business or our industry;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">additions or departures of key personnel;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">our failure to achieve operating results consistent with securities analysts&#8217; projections;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">results of our clinical trials; and</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">changes in industry, general market, or economic conditions.</p></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">10</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">The stock market has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations in recent years that have significantly affected the quoted prices of the securities of many companies, including companies in our industry. The changes often appear to occur without regard to specific operating performance. The price of the Common Stock could fluctuate based upon factors that have little or nothing to do with our Company and these fluctuations could materially reduce our stock price.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our Common Stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be your sole source of gains.</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future and intend to retain future earnings, if any, for the development and expansion of our business. Our outstanding Series A convertible preferred stock, consisting of 4,030 shares on November 5, 2025, provides that we may not pay a dividend or make any distribution to holders of any class of stock unless we first pay a special dividend or distribution of $100 per share to the holders of the Series A convertible preferred stock. In addition, the terms of existing or future agreements may limit our ability to pay dividends. </p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Our Series D Preferred Stock has a dividend rate of 8% per annum, which when declared may, at the option of the Company, be paid in cash or can accrete and be added to the stated value of the Series D Preferred Stock. Subject to the rights of any class or series of stock senior to or equivalent to the Series D Preferred Stock, the Series D Preferred Stock shall be entitled to be paid in the event of liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, out of available funds and assets, prior and in preference to any distribution on any junior stock, an amount per share equal to the then stated value of the Series D Preferred Stock and declared but unpaid dividends. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our Common Stock will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future. </p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>There is no public market for the Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase shares of the Common Stock being offered by us in this offering.</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">There is no established public trading market for the Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase shares of the Common Stock that are being offered as part of this offering, and we do not expect a market to develop. In addition, we do not intend to apply to list the Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants on any national securities exchange or other nationally recognized trading system, including the NYSE American or the Pink Market. Without an active market, the liquidity of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants will be limited.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>The Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants are speculative in nature.</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Except as specified therein, the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants offered hereby do not confer any rights of Common Stock ownership on their holders, such as voting rights, but rather merely represent the right to acquire shares of the Common Stock at a fixed price. Specifically, commencing on the date of issuance, holders of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants may exercise their right to acquire the shares of the Common Stock upon the payment of the exercise price per share of the Common Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrants. Moreover, following this offering, the market value of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants is uncertain and there can be no assurance that the market value of the Common Warrants will equal or exceed their imputed public offering prices. Furthermore, (a) each Series J Common Warrant will expire on the earlier of: (i) the eighteen (18)-month anniversary of the original issuance date or (ii) the expiration of the FDA exercise period, (b) each Series K Common Warrant will expire on the earlier of (i) the five (5)-year anniversary of the original issuance date, however, if a holder&#8217;s Series J Common Warrants have not been terminated in accordance with their terms prior to the expiration of the FDA Exercise Period, such holder&#8217;s Series K Common Warrants will terminate automatically upon the earlier of the (i) eighteen (18)-month anniversary of the original issuance date of the Series J Common Warrant or (ii) the FDA Exercise Period, and prior to the five (5)-year anniversary of the issuance of the Series K Common Warrant, and (c) each Pre-Funded Warrant will not expire until it has been exercised in full. In the event the price of the Common Stock does not exceed the exercise price of the Common Warrants during the period when such Common Warrants are exercisable, the Common Warrants may not have any value. There is no established public trading market for the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants being offered in this offering, and we do not expect a market to develop. In addition, we do not intend to apply to list the Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants on any securities exchange or nationally recognized trading system. Without an active market, the liquidity of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants will be limited. </p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Except as specified therein, the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants offered hereby do not confer any rights of Common Stock ownership on their holders, such as voting rights, but rather merely represent the right to acquire shares of the Common Stock at a fixed price. Specifically, commencing on the date of issuance, holders of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants may exercise their right to acquire the shares of the Common Stock upon the payment of the exercise price per share of the Common Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrants. Moreover, following this offering, the market value of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants is uncertain and there can be no assurance that the market value of the Common Warrants will equal or exceed their imputed public offering prices. </p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">11</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Except as specified therein, holders of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants will have no rights as a common stockholder until they acquire shares of the Common Stock.</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Except as specified therein, the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants in this offering do not confer any rights of share ownership on their holders, but rather merely represent the right to acquire shares of the Common Stock at a fixed price. Until holders of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants acquire shares of the Common Stock upon exercise of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants, as applicable, holders of Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants will have no rights with respect to our shares of Common Stock underlying such Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Provisions of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants offered by this prospectus could discourage an acquisition of us by a third party.</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">In addition to the provisions of our restated certificate of incorporation, as amended, and our amended and restated bylaws, certain provisions of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants offered by this prospectus could make it more difficult or expensive for a third party to acquire us. The Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants prohibit us from engaging in certain transactions constituting &#8220;fundamental transactions&#8221; unless, among other things, the surviving entity assumes our obligations under the Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants, as applicable. These and other provisions of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants offered by this prospectus could prevent or deter a third party from acquiring us even where the acquisition could be beneficial to you.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>We may not receive any additional funds upon the exercise of the Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants.</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Each Common Warrant and each Pre-Funded Warrant may be exercised by way of a cashless exercise under certain circumstances, meaning that the holder may not pay a cash purchase price upon exercise, but instead would receive upon such exercise the net number of shares of Common Stock determined according to the formula set forth in the Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrant, respectively. Accordingly, we may not receive any additional funds upon the exercise of the Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>If we sell Common Stock or preferred stock in the future, stockholders may experience immediate dilution and, as a result, our stock price may decline.</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We may from time-to-time issue additional shares of Common Stock or preferred stock at a discount from the current trading price of the Common Stock, including potentially under the Sales Agreement that we entered into a with A.G.P. on February 11, 2025. As a result, our stockholders could experience immediate dilution upon the purchase of any shares sold at such discount. In addition, as opportunities present themselves, we may enter into financing or similar arrangements in the future, including the issuance of debt securities, Common Stock, or preferred stock. If we issue additional Common Stock or additional securities convertible into Common Stock, the holders of the Common Stock could experience additional dilution and, as a result, our stock price may decline. In addition, to the extent that any Common Warrants, Pre-Funded Warrants, other warrants, or options are exercised, new options or restricted stock units are issued under our equity incentive plans, or we otherwise issue additional shares of Common Stock in the future, at a price less than the public offering price, our stockholders could experience dilution.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>As a result of the shutdown of the federal government, we have determined to rely on Section 8(a) of the Securities Act to cause the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part to become effective automatically. Our reliance on Section 8(a) of the Securities Act could result in a number of potential adverse consequences, including the need for us to file a post-effective amendment and distribute an updated prospectus to investors, or a stop order issued preventing use of the registration statement, and a corresponding substantial stock price decline, litigation, reputational harm or other negative results.</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">The Registration Statement of which this prospectus forms a part is expected to become automatically effective by operation of Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#8220;Securities Act&#8221;), on the 20th calendar day after the most recent amendment of the Registration Statement filed with the SEC, in lieu of the SEC declaring the Registration Statement effective following the completion of its review. Although our reliance on Section 8(a) does not relieve us and other parties from the responsibility for the adequacy and accuracy of the disclosure set forth in the Registration Statement and for ensuring that the Registration Statement complies with applicable requirements, use of Section 8(a) poses a risk that, after the date of this prospectus, we may be required to file a post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement and distribute an updated prospectus to investors, or otherwise abandon this offering, if changes to the information in this prospectus are required, or if a stop order under Section 8(d) of the Securities Act prevents continued use of the registration statement. These or similar events could cause the trading price of our Common Stock to decline substantially, result in securities class action or other litigation, and subject us to significant monetary damages, reputational harm and other negative results.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">12</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong><a name="USEOFPROCEEDS">USE OF PROCEEDS</a></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering for working capital purposes, including the advancement of product development activities which focus primarily on use of MC4R agonists for treatment of obesity. We are developing MC4R peptides and small molecule agonists with potential utility in obesity and metabolic-related disorders, rare MC4R pathway diseases, such as hypothalamic obesity, and orphan indications. </p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We may also use a portion of the net proceeds to invest in or acquire businesses that we believe are complementary to our own, although we have no current plans, commitments, or agreements with respect to any acquisitions. The amounts and timing of our use of the net proceeds from this offering will depend on a number of factors, such as the timing, scope, progress, and results of our development efforts and the timing and progress of any collaboration efforts. As of the date of this prospectus, we cannot specify with certainty all of the particular uses of the proceeds from the sale of securities under this prospectus. Accordingly, we will retain broad discretion over the use of such proceeds. Pending the use of the net proceeds from the sale of securities under this prospectus as described above, we intend to invest the net proceeds in investment-grade, interest-bearing instruments.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">The amounts and timing of any expenditures will vary depending on the amount of cash generated by our operations, and the rate of growth, if any, of our business, and our plans and business conditions. The foregoing represents our intentions as of the date of this prospectus based upon our current plans and business conditions to use and allocate the net proceeds of the offering. However, our management will have significant flexibility and discretion in the timing and application of the net proceeds of the offering. Unforeseen events or changed business conditions may result in application of the proceeds of the offering in a manner other than as described in this prospectus.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We estimate that we will receive net proceeds from this offering of approximately $14.7 million, based upon a combined public offering price of $6.50 per share of Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants, and accompanying Common Warrants after deducting the estimated Underwriters discounts and commissions and no exercise of the Common Warrants. We will only receive additional proceeds from the exercise of the Common Warrants we are selling in this offering if the Common Warrants are exercised for cash. We cannot predict when or if these Common Warrants will be exercised. It is possible that these Common Warrants may expire and may never be exercised.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">These estimates exclude the proceeds, if any, from the exercise of Common Warrants offered hereby. If all of the Common Warrants offered hereby were to be exercised in cash at their respective exercise prices of $6.50 per share underlying the Series J Common Warrants and $8.125 per share underlying the Series K Common Warrants, we would receive additional gross proceeds of approximately $35.5 million. We cannot predict when or if these Common Warrants will be exercised. It is possible that these Common Warrants may expire and may never be exercised. Additionally, these Common Warrants contain a cashless exercise provision that permit exercise of such Common Warrants on a cashless basis at any time when there is no effective registration statement under the Securities Act covering the issuance of the underlying shares.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">13</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong><a name="DILUTION">DILUTION</a></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">If you invest in our common stock in this offering, your ownership interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the public offering price per share of our Common Stock in this offering and the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our Common Stock immediately after this offering. The net tangible book value (deficit) of our Common Stock as of June 30, 2025 was approximately $(4.8) million, or approximately $(5.14) per share of Common Stock based upon 929,597 shares outstanding. Net tangible book value per share is equal to our total tangible assets, less our total liabilities, divided by the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">After giving effect, on a <em>pro forma</em> basis, to the exercise of 43,759 Series G warrants, (collectively, the &#8220;Pro Forma Events&#8221;), the pro forma net tangible book value of our Common Stock as of June 30, 2025 was approximately $4.4 million, or approximately $(4.57) per share of Common Stock based upon 973,291 shares outstanding.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">After giving further effect to the sale of 448,769 shares of our Common Stock and 1,982,000 Pre-Funded Warrants in this offering at a public offering price of $6.50 per share and accompanying Common Warrants, and after deducting Underwriters discount and estimated offering expenses payable by us and assuming the exercise of all Pre-Funded Warrants, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of June 30, 2025 would have been approximately $10.1 million, or $2.98 per share of Common Stock. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of $7.55 per share to existing stockholders and immediate dilution of $3.52 per share to investors purchasing our Common Stock in this offering at the public offering price. The following table illustrates this dilution on a per share basis:</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;text-align:left;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#cceeff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">Public offering price per share of Common Stock and accompanying Common Warrants </p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td class="ffcell" colspan="2" style="width:9%;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;vertical-align:bottom;white-space: nowrap;">$</td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">6.50</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#ffffff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">Historical net tangible book value per share as of June 30, 2025 </p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;vertical-align:bottom;white-space: nowrap;">$</td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">(5.14 </td> <td style="width:1%;vertical-align:bottom;white-space: nowrap;">)</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#cceeff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">Increase in net tangible value attributable to the Pro Forma Events</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;vertical-align:bottom;white-space: nowrap;">$</td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">0.57</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#ffffff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">Pro forma net tangible book value per share as of June 30, 2025 </p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;vertical-align:bottom;white-space: nowrap;">$</td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">(4.57 </td> <td style="width:1%;vertical-align:bottom;white-space: nowrap;">)</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#cceeff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">Increase in pro forma net tangible book value per share attributable to this offering</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;vertical-align:bottom;white-space: nowrap;">$</td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">7.55</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#ffffff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">Pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after giving effect to this offering</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;vertical-align:bottom;white-space: nowrap;">$</td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">2.98</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#cceeff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">Dilution in net tangible book value per share to investors participating in this offering</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;vertical-align:bottom;white-space: nowrap;">$</td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">3.52</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">The discussion and table above assume no exercise of the Common Warrants and Underwriter Warrants to be issued in this offering and full exercise of all Pre-Funded Warrants.&nbsp; </p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">14</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">The above discussion and table are based on 929,597 shares of our common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2025, and exclude:</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font-size:10pt;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="width:4%;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">278 shares issuable on the conversion of our immediately convertible Series A Preferred Stock, subject to adjustment, for no further consideration;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">61,816 shares issuable on the conversion of our immediately convertible Series D Preferred Stock, subject to adjustment, for no further consideration; </p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">44,233 shares issuable upon exercise of stock options with a weighted-average exercise price of $305.92 per share;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">12,570 shares issuable under restricted stock units which will vest on dates between June 24, 2026 and June 4, 2028, subject to the fulfillment of service or performance conditions;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">9,980 shares of common stock which have vested under restricted stock unit agreements, but are subject to provisions to delay delivery;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">1,333 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants at an exercise price of $625.00 per share, which expire on May 11, 2026;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">37,712 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of Series B warrants at an exercise price of $94.00 per share. 5,228 Series B warrants expire on June 24, 2024 and 32,484 Series B warrants expire on July 25, 2030, the five-year anniversary from the date of stockholder approval;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">36,630 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of common warrants at an exercise price of $273.00 per share, which expire on February 1, 2028;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">1,831 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the placement agent warrants issued to the placement agent or its designees as compensation in connection with the Company&#8217;s February 1, 2024 offering, with an exercise price of $341.25 per share, which expire on February 1, 2028;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">1,818 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the placement agent warrants issued to the placement agent or its designees as compensation in connection with the Company&#8217;s October 2022 offering, with an exercise price of $343.75 per share, which expire on of October 31, 2027;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">78,153 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of Series C warrants issued in the Company&#8217;s December 2024 Offering, with an exercise price of $43.75 per share, which expire on December 17, 2029;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">2,358 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the placement agent warrants issued to the placement agent or its designees as compensation in connection with the October 2023 Offering, with an exercise price of $132.50 per share, which expire on October 20, 2028;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">39,076 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of Series D warrants issued in the Company&#8217;s December 2024 Offering, with an exercise price of $43.75 per share, which expire on July 25, 2030, the five-year anniversary from the date of stockholder approval;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">93,760 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of Series E warrants issued in the Company&#8217;s February 2025 Offering, with an exercise price of $50.00 per share, which expire on August 12, 2030; </p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">146,479 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of Series F warrants issued in the Company&#8217;s May 2025 Offering, with an exercise price of $15.00 per share, which expire on May 8, 2030; </p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">146,479 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of Series G warrants issued in the Company&#8217;s May 2025 Offering, with an exercise price of $7.50 per share, which expire on the earlier of the 31<sup style="vertical-align:super">st</sup> calendar day following the date the Company receives the U.S. Food and Drug Administration acceptance of the Company&#8217;s investigational new drug for an in-house obesity treatment compound (long-acting peptide or oral small molecule), provided that, if such date is not a trading day, the termination date shall be immediately following the trading day or May 8, 2030; </p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">123,636 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of Series I warrants issued in the Company&#8217;s June 2025 Series D Convertible Preferred Stock Offering, with an exercise price of $5.50 per share, which expire on July 25, 2030, the five-year anniversary from the date of stockholder approval; and </p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">65,433 shares of common stock available for future issuance under our 2011 Stock Incentive Plan.</p></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">To the extent that outstanding options as of June 30, 2025 have been or may be exercised, unvested restricted stock units or performance-based restricted stock units have settled or other shares issued, investors purchasing our securities in this offering may experience further dilution. In addition, we may choose to raise additional capital due to market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. To the extent that additional capital is raised through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of these securities could result in further dilution to our stockholders.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">15</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong><a name="DIVIDENDPOLICY">DIVIDEND POLICY</a></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We have never declared or paid any dividends on our Common Stock. Our outstanding Series A convertible preferred stock, consisting of 4,030 shares on November 5, 2025, provides that we may not pay a dividend or make any distribution to holders of any class of stock unless we first pay a special dividend or distribution of $100 per share to the holders of the Series A convertible preferred stock. We currently intend to retain earnings, if any, for use in our business. We do not anticipate paying dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to declare dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, general business conditions, and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">The Series D Preferred Stock has a dividend rate of 8% per annum, which when declared may, at the option of the Company, be paid in cash or can accrete and be added to the stated value of the Series D Preferred Stock. Subject to the rights of any class or series of stock senior to or equivalent to the Series D Preferred Stock, the Series D Preferred Stock shall be entitled to be paid in the event of liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, out of available funds and assets, prior and in preference to any distribution on any junior stock, an amount per share equal to the then stated value of the Series D Preferred Stock and declared but unpaid dividends. </p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong><a name="DESCRIPTIONOFSECURITIESOFFERED">DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OFFERED</a></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We are offering up to 448,769 shares of Common Stock and 1,982,000 Pre-Funded Warrants in lieu of shares of Common Stock, along with Series J Common Warrants to purchase up to 2,430,769 shares of Common Stock and Series K Common Warrants to purchase up to 2,430,769 shares of Common Stock. Each share of Common Stock or Pre-Funded Warrant is being sold together with a Series J Common Warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock and a Series K Common Warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock. The shares of Common Stock or Pre-Funded Warrants and accompanying Common Warrants will be issued separately. We are also registering the shares of Common Stock issuable from time to time upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants offered hereby and the Common Warrants offered hereby.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong>Common Stock</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">The following description of our Common Stock is intended as a summary only and is qualified in its entirety by reference to our restated certificate of incorporation, as amended (the &#8220;Certificate of Incorporation&#8221;), and our amended and restated bylaws (the &#8220;Bylaws&#8221;), which are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. Our authorized capital stock consists of 300,000,000 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share, and 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Holders of our Common Stock are entitled to one vote per share for the election of directors and on all other matters that require stockholder approval. Holders of shares of Common Stock do not have any cumulative voting rights. Subject to any preferential rights of any outstanding preferred stock, in the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, holders of our Common Stock are entitled to share ratably in the assets remaining after payment of liabilities and the liquidation preferences of any outstanding preferred stock. Our Common Stock does not carry any redemption rights or any preemptive or preferential rights enabling a holder to subscribe for, or receive shares of, any class of our Common Stock or any other securities convertible into shares of any class of our Common Stock. Holders of our Common Stock have the right to participate ratably in dividend distributions. The shares of our Common Stock offered hereby, when issued, will be fully paid and nonassessable.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong>Common Warrants</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">The following summary of certain terms and provisions of the Common Warrants included with the Common Stock that are being offered hereby is not complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by, the provisions of the Common Warrants, the form of which is filed as an exhibit to our registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. Prospective investors should carefully review the terms and provisions of the forms of Series J Common Warrant and Series K Common Warrant for a complete description of the terms and conditions of the Common Warrants.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Duration and Exercise Price</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Each Common Warrant offered hereby will be a warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock. Each Series J Common Warrant will have an exercise price per share equal to 100% of the combined public offering price per share of the Common Stock and accompanying Common Warrants, and will be immediately exercisable. Each Series K Common warrant will have an exercise price per share equal to 125% of the combined public offering price per share of the Common Stock and accompanying Common Warrants, and will be immediately exercisable. The Series J Common Warrants will expire on the earlier of (i) the eighteen (18)-month anniversary of the original issuance date or (ii) the expiration of the FDA Exercise Period. The Series K Common Warrants will expire on the five (5)-year anniversary of the original issuance date, however, if a holder&#8217;s Series J Common Warrants are not exercised in full within the FDA Exercise Period, such holder&#8217;s Series K Common Warrants will terminate automatically upon the expiration of the earlier of the (i) eighteen (18)-month anniversary of the original issuance date of the Series J Common Warrant or (ii) the expiration of the FDA Exercise Period and prior to the five (5)-year anniversary of the issuance of the Series K Common Warrant. Additionally, the terms of the Common Warrants will be extended in the event there is no effective registration statement or prospectus related to the Common Warrants and shares of common stock underlying the Common Warrants for an additional 30 day period following the FDA Exercise Period once an effective registration statement or prospectus is available. The exercise price and number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise is subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of share dividends, share splits, reorganizations or similar events affecting the Common Stock and the exercise price. Subject to the rules and regulations of the applicable trading market, we may at any time during the term of the Common Warrants, subject to the prior written consent of the holders, reduce the then current exercise price to any amount and for any period of time deemed appropriate by our board of directors. The Common Warrants will be issued separately from the shares of Common Stock, or the Pre- Funded Warrants, as the case may be.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Exercisability</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">The Common Warrants will be exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part, by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice accompanied by payment in full for the number of shares of Common Stock purchased upon such exercise (except in the case of a cashless exercise as discussed below). A holder (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of the Common Warrant to the extent that the holder would own more than 4.99% of the outstanding shares of our common warrant immediately after exercise, except that upon at least 61 days&#8217; prior notice from the holder to us, the holder may increase the amount of beneficial ownership of outstanding shares after exercising the holder&#8217;s Common Warrants up to 9.99% of the number of our shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the Common Warrants. Purchasers of Common Warrants in this offering may also elect prior to the issuance of the Common Warrants to have the initial exercise limitation set at 9.99% of our outstanding shares.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">16</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Cashless Exercise</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">If, at the time a holder exercises its Common Warrants, a registration statement registering the issuance of the shares of Common Stock underlying the Common Warrants under the Securities Act is not then effective or available for the issuance of such shares, then in lieu of making the cash payment otherwise contemplated to be made to us upon such exercise in payment of the aggregate exercise price and subject to the nominal value of the shares being paid up as described below, the holder may elect instead to receive upon such exercise (either in whole or in part) the net number of shares determined according to a formula set forth in the Common Warrants.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Fractional Shares</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">No fractional shares of Common Stock or scrip representing fractional shares will be issued upon the exercise of the Common Warrants. Rather, the number of shares of Common Stock to be issued will, at our election, either be rounded up to the next whole share or we will pay a cash adjustment in respect of such final fraction in an amount equal to such fraction multiplied by the exercise price.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Transferability</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Subject to applicable laws, a Common Warrant may be transferred at the option of the holder upon surrender of the Common Warrant to us together with the appropriate instruments of transfer and funds sufficient to pay any transfer taxes payable upon such transfer.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Trading Market</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">There is no trading market available for the Common Warrants on any securities exchange or nationally recognized trading system, and we do not expect a trading market to develop. We do not intend to list the Common Warrants on any securities exchange or nationally recognized trading market. Without a trading market, the liquidity of the Common Warrants will be extremely limited.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Rights as a Stockholder</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Except as otherwise provided in the Common Warrants or by virtue of such holder&#8217;s ownership of Common Stock, the holders of the Common Warrants do not have the rights or privileges of holders of shares of Common Stock, including any voting rights, until they exercise their Common Warrants. The Common Warrants will provide that holders have the right to participate in distributions or dividends paid on Common Stock.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Fundamental Transaction</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">In the event of a fundamental transaction, as described in the Common Warrants and generally including (i) our merger or consolidation with or into another person, (ii) the sale, lease, license, assignment, transfer, conveyance or other disposition of all or substantially all of our assets, (iii) any purchase offer, tender offer or exchange offer pursuant to which holders of our Common Stock are permitted to sell, tender or exchange their shares for other securities, cash or property and has been accepted by the holders of 50% or more of our outstanding Common Stock or 50% or more of the voting power of our common equity, (iv) any reclassification, reorganization or recapitalization of our shares of Common Stock or any compulsory share exchange or (v) any stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination with another person or group of persons whereby such other person or group acquires 50% or more of our outstanding shares of Common Stock or 50% or more of the voting power of our common equity, the holders will be entitled to receive the number of shares of the Common Stock for which the Common Warrant is exercisable immediately prior to the occurrence of such fundamental transaction. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event of a fundamental transaction, the holders of the Common Warrants have the right to require us or a successor entity to redeem the Common Warrants for cash in the amount of the Black Scholes Value (as defined in each warrant) of the unexercised portion of the Common Warrants concurrently with or within 30 days following the consummation of a fundamental transaction.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">17</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">However, in the event of a fundamental transaction which is not in our control, including a fundamental transaction not approved by our board of directors, the holders of the Common Warrants will only be entitled to receive from us or our successor entity, as of the date of consummation of such fundamental transaction the same type or form of consideration (and in the same proportion), at the Black Scholes Value of the unexercised portion of the Common Warrant that is being offered and paid to the holders of the Common Stock in connection with the fundamental transaction, whether that consideration is in the form of cash, stock or any combination of cash and stock, or whether the holders of the Common Stock are given the choice to receive alternative forms of consideration in connection with the fundamental transaction.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong>Pre-Funded Warrants</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">The following summary of certain terms and provisions of the Pre-Funded Warrants that are being offered hereby is not complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by, the provisions of the Pre-Funded Warrant, the form of which is filed as an exhibit to our registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. Prospective investors should carefully review the terms and provisions of the form of Pre-Funded Warrant for a complete description of the terms and conditions of the Pre-Funded Warrants.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Duration and Exercise Price</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Each Pre-Funded Warrant offered hereby will have an initial exercise price per share equal to $0.0001. The Pre-Funded Warrants will be immediately exercisable and will expire when exercised in full. The exercise price and number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise is subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of share dividends, share splits, reorganizations or similar events affecting our shares of Common Stock and the exercise price. Subject to the rules and regulations of the applicable trading market, we may at any time during the term of the Pre-Funded Warrant, subject to the prior written consent of the holders, reduce the then current exercise price to any amount and for any period of time deemed appropriate by our board of directors. The Pre-Funded Warrants will be issued separately from the common warrants.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Exercisability</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">The Pre-Funded Warrants will be exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part, by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice accompanied by payment in full for the number of shares of Common Stock purchased upon such exercise (except in the case of a cashless exercise as discussed below). A holder (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of the Pre-Funded Warrant to the extent that the holder would own more than 4.99% of the outstanding shares of the Common Stock immediately after exercise, except that upon at least 61 days&#8217; prior notice from the holder to us, the holder may increase the amount of beneficial ownership of outstanding shares after exercising the holder&#8217;s Pre-Funded Warrants up to 9.99% of the number of our shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the Pre-Funded Warrants. Purchasers of Pre-Funded Warrants in this offering may also elect prior to the issuance of the Pre-Funded Warrants to have the initial exercise limitation set at 9.99% of our outstanding shares of Common Stock.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Cashless Exercise</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">If, at the time a holder exercises its Pre-Funded Warrants, a registration statement registering the issuance of the shares of Common Stock underlying the Pre-Funded Warrants under the Securities Act is not then effective or available for the issuance of such shares, then in lieu of making the cash payment otherwise contemplated to be made to us upon such exercise in payment of the aggregate exercise price, the holder may elect instead to receive upon such exercise (either in whole or in part) the net number of shares of Common Stock determined according to a formula set forth in the Pre-Funded Warrants.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">18</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Fractional Shares</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">No fractional shares of Common Stock or scrip representing fractional shares will be issued upon the exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants. Rather, the number of shares of Common Stock to be issued will, at our election, either be rounded up to the next whole share or we will pay a cash adjustment in respect of such final fraction in an amount equal to such fraction multiplied by the exercise price.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Transferability</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Subject to applicable laws, a Pre-Funded Warrant may be transferred at the option of the holder upon surrender of the Pre-Funded Warrant to us together with the appropriate instruments of transfer and funds sufficient to pay any transfer taxes payable upon such transfer.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Trading Market</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">There is no trading market available for the Pre-Funded Warrants on any securities exchange or nationally recognized trading system, and we do not expect a trading market to develop. We do not intend to list the Pre-Funded Warrants on any securities exchange or nationally recognized trading market. Without a trading market, the liquidity of Pre-Funded Warrants will be extremely limited.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Rights as a Stockholder</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Except as otherwise provided in the Pre-Funded Warrants or by virtue of such holder&#8217;s ownership of Common Stock, the holders of the Pre-Funded Warrants do not have the rights or privileges of holders of the Common Stock, including any voting rights, until they exercise their Pre-Funded Warrants. The Pre-Funded Warrants will provide that holders have the right to participate in distributions or dividends paid on Common Stock.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Fundamental Transaction</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">In the event of a fundamental transaction, as described in the Pre-Funded Warrants and generally including (i) our merger or consolidation with or into another person, (ii) the sale, lease, license, assignment, transfer, conveyance or other disposition of all or substantially all of our assets, (iii) any purchase offer, tender offer or exchange offer pursuant to which holders of the Common Stock are permitted to sell, tender or exchange their shares for other securities, cash or property and has been accepted by the holders of 50% or more of our outstanding Common Stock or 50% or more of the voting power of our common equity, (iv) any reclassification, reorganization or recapitalization of our shares of Common Stock or any compulsory share exchange or (v) any stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination with another person or group of persons whereby such other person or group acquires 50% or more of our outstanding shares of Common Stock or 50% or more of the voting power of our common equity, the holders of the Pre-Funded Warrants will be entitled to receive upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants the kind and amount of securities, cash or other property that the holders would have received had they exercised the Pre-Funded Warrants immediately prior to such fundamental transaction.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong>Penny Stock Regulations</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">The SEC has adopted regulations that generally define &#8220;penny stock&#8221; to be an equity security that has a market price of less than $5.00 per share. Our Common Stock may at some point fall within the definition of penny stock and be subject to rules that impose additional sales practice requirements on broker-dealers who sell such securities to persons other than established customers and accredited investors (as defined under the Securities Act).</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">19</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">For transactions covered by these rules, the broker-dealer must make a special suitability determination for the purchase of such securities and have received the purchaser&#8217;s prior written consent to the transaction. Additionally, for any transaction, other than exempt transactions, involving a penny stock, the rules require the delivery, prior to the transaction, of a risk disclosure document mandated by the SEC relating to the penny stock market. The broker-dealer also must disclose the commissions payable to both the broker-dealer and the registered representative, current quotations for the securities and, if the broker-dealer is the sole market-maker, the broker-dealer must disclose this fact and the broker-dealer&#8217;s presumed control over the market. Finally, monthly statements must be sent disclosing recent price information for the penny stock held in the account and information on the limited market in penny stocks. Consequently, the &#8220;penny stock&#8221; rules, if applicable to the Company, may restrict the ability of broker-dealers to sell our Common Stock and may affect the ability of investors to sell their Common Stock in the secondary market.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong>Anti-Takeover Effects of Provisions of Our Certificate of Incorporation, Our Bylaws and Delaware Law</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Certain provisions of Delaware law and our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws could make more difficult the acquisition of us by means of a tender offer or otherwise, and the removal of incumbent officers and directors. These provisions are expected to discourage certain types of coercive takeover practices and inadequate takeover bids and to encourage persons seeking to acquire control of us.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Certificate of Incorporation</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Our Certificate of Incorporation authorizes the issuance of up to 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $.01 per share, of which 4,030 shares are currently issued and designated as Series A Preferred Stock and 3,400 are currently issued and designated as Series D Preferred Stock. The board of directors has the authority, without further approval of the stockholders, to issue and determine the rights and preferences of other series of preferred stock, except as limited by the certificate of designation for the Series A Preferred Stock. The board could issue one or more series of preferred stock with voting, conversion, dividend, liquidation, or other rights which would adversely affect the voting power and ownership interest of holders of common stock. This authority may have the effect of deterring hostile takeovers, delaying or preventing a change in control, and discouraging bids for our common stock at a premium over the market price.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Additionally, our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws allow the Company&#8217;s board of directors to establish the size of the board and fill vacancies on the board created by an increase in the number of directors and to provide that the Bylaws may be amended by the board of directors without stockholder approval.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the &#8220;DGCL&#8221;), which, subject to certain exceptions, prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any business combination with any interested stockholder for a period of three years following the time that such stockholder became an interested stockholder, unless:</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font-size:10pt;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="width:4%;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">prior to such time, the board of directors approved either the business combination or the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested holder;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">upon consummation of the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction commenced, excluding for purposes of determining the number of shares outstanding those shares owned (a) by persons who are directors and also officers and (b) by employee stock plans in which employee participants do not have the right to determine confidentially whether shares held subject to the plan will be tendered in a tender or exchange offer; or</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">at or subsequent to such time, the business combination is approved by the board of directors and authorized at an annual or special meeting of stockholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of at least two thirds of the outstanding voting stock which is not owned by the interested stockholder.</p></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">20</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">In general, Section 203 defines &#8220;business combination&#8221; to include the following:</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font-size:10pt;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="width:4%;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">any merger or consolidation involving the corporation and the interested stockholder;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">any sale, transfer, pledge or other disposition of 10% or more of the assets of the corporation involving the interested stockholder;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">subject to certain exceptions, any transaction that results in the issuance or transfer by the corporation of any stock of the corporation to the interested stockholder;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">any transaction involving the corporation that has the effect of increasing the proportionate share of the stock or any class or series of the corporation beneficially owned by the interested stockholder; or</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">the receipt by the interested stockholder of the benefit of any loans, advances, guarantees, pledges or other financial benefits provided by or through the corporation.</p></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">In general, Section 203 defines &#8220;interested stockholder&#8221; as an entity or person beneficially owning 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation and any entity or person affiliated with or controlling or controlled by such entity or person.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong><em>Indemnification and Limitation of Liability</em></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws require us to indemnify our directors, officers, employees and agents against the costs (including fines, judgments and attorney fees) from involvement in legal proceedings arising from their position or service, provided that the person seeking indemnification acted:</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font-size:10pt;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="width:4%;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">in good faith;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">in a manner he or she reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to, the best interests of the corporation; and</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct was unlawful.</p></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">The Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws allow us to buy indemnification insurance for this purpose.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Our Certificate of Incorporation provides that, to the fullest extent permissible under Delaware law, no director shall be personally liable to the corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of a fiduciary duty as a director. However, this provision does not eliminate the duty of care, and in appropriate circumstances, equitable remedies such as injunctive or other forms of non-monetary relief that will remain available under Delaware law. In addition, each director will continue to be subject to liability for (a) breach of the director&#8217;s duty of loyalty to us or our stockholders, (b) acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law, (c) violating Section 174 of the DGCL, or (d) any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit. The provision also does not affect a director&#8217;s responsibilities under any other law, such as the federal securities laws or state or federal environmental laws.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong>Transfer Agent and Registrar</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We have appointed Equiniti Trust Company as the transfer agent and registrar for our common stock.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong>Market Information</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Our common stock is traded on the OTCQB under the symbol &#8220;PTNT&#8221; And is expected to recommence trading on the NYSE American under the symbol &#8220;PTN&#8221; on November 12, 2025.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">21</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong><a name="UNDERWRITING">UNDERWRITING</a></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners is acting as the representative of the Underwriters and the sole book-running manager in this offering. We have entered into an underwriting agreement dated November 5, 2025 with the representative. Subject to the terms and conditions of the underwriting agreement, we have agreed to sell to each underwriter named below and each underwriter named below has severally and not jointly agreed to purchase from us, at the respective public offering price less the underwriting discounts and commissions set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, shares of our Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants and Common Warrants listed next to its name in the following table:</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;text-align:left;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 1px solid;vertical-align:bottom;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px"><strong>Underwriter </strong></p></td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td class="hdcell" style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 1px solid;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Number of Shares Of</strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Common Stock</strong></p></td> <td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td class="hdcell" style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 1px solid;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Number of Pre-Funded</strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Warrants</strong></p></td> <td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td class="hdcell" style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 1px solid;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Number of Series</strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>J Warrants </strong></p></td> <td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td class="hdcell" style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 1px solid;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Number of Series</strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>K Warrants </strong></p></td> <td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#cceeff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:12%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">320,421</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:12%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">1,415,148</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:12%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">1,735,569</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:12%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">1,735,569</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#ffffff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">Laidlaw &amp; Company (UK) LTD. </p></td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td class="ffcell" style="vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">128,348</td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td class="ffcell" style="vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">566,852</td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td class="ffcell" style="vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">695,200</td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td class="ffcell" style="vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">695,200</td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">The underwriters are committed to purchase all the securities we are offering. The obligations of the Underwriters may be terminated upon the occurrence of certain events specified in the underwriting agreement. Furthermore, pursuant to the underwriting agreement, the Underwriters&#8217; obligations are subject to customary conditions and representations and warranties contained in the underwriting agreement, such as receipt by the Underwriters of officers&#8217; certificates and legal opinions.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">If the conditions to closing provided in the underwriting agreement have not been satisfied on the first business day following the date of the effectiveness of the registration statement, of which this prospectus forms a part, then the representative of the several underwriters shall use its best efforts to effectuate delivery of the securities against payment therefor by the third business day following the date of the effectiveness of the registration statement and may, at its sole discretion, decide not to effectuate closing of the offering. Accordingly, purchasers who wish to trade the securities prior to their delivery will be required to specify alternative settlement arrangements to prevent a failed settlement and should consult their own advisors. </p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We have agreed to indemnify the Underwriters against specified liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, and to contribute to payments the underwriters may be required to make in respect thereof.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">The Underwriters are offering Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants and Common Warrants subject to prior sale, when, as and if issued to and accepted by them, subject to approval of legal matters by their counsel and other conditions specified in the underwriting agreement. The Underwriters reserve the right to withdraw, cancel or modify offers to the public and to reject orders in whole or in part.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong>Fees and Expenses</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We have agreed to pay the Underwriters an aggregate fee equal to 7.0% of the purchase price paid by all purchasers in this offering. In addition, we have agreed to reimburse the Underwriters for their legal fees in an amount up to $75,000, as well as non-accountable expenses in an amount up to $20,000.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We estimate the total expenses of this offering paid or payable by us, exclusive of the Underwriters discount and reimbursements, will be approximately $100,000. After deducting the fees due to the Underwriters and our estimated expenses in connection with this offering, we expect the net proceeds from this offering will be approximately $14.7 million based on a public offering price of $6.50 per share of Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants and accompanying Common Warrants.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">The following table shows the per share and total cash fees we will pay to the Underwriters in connection with the sale of the securities pursuant to this prospectus.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;text-align:left;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td class="hdcell" style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 1px solid;width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Per Share of </strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Common Stock</strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>and</strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Accompanying</strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Common</strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Warrants </strong></p></td> <td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td class="hdcell" style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 1px solid;width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Per Pre-Funded </strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Warrant and</strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Accompanying</strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Common</strong></p> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Warrants </strong></p></td> <td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td class="hdcell" style="BORDER-BOTTOM: 1px solid;width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:center;margin:0px"><strong>Total</strong></p></td> <td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#cceeff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">Public offering price<sup style="vertical-align:super">(1)</sup></p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;vertical-align:bottom;white-space: nowrap;">$</td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">6.50</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;vertical-align:bottom;white-space: nowrap;">$</td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">6.4999</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;vertical-align:bottom;white-space: nowrap;">$</td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">15,799,800</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#ffffff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">Underwriting discounts and commissions<sup style="vertical-align:super">(2)</sup></p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;vertical-align:bottom;white-space: nowrap;">$</td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">0.455</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;vertical-align:bottom;white-space: nowrap;">$</td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">0.45499</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;vertical-align:bottom;white-space: nowrap;">$</td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">1,105,986</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px;background-color:#cceeff"> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">Proceeds to us, before expenses<sup style="vertical-align:super">(3)</sup></p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;vertical-align:bottom;white-space: nowrap;">$</td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">6.045</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;vertical-align:bottom;white-space: nowrap;">$</td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">6.04491</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:1%;vertical-align:bottom;white-space: nowrap;">$</td> <td class="ffcell" style="width:9%;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:right;">14,693,814</td> <td style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font-size:10pt;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="width:4%;"></td> <td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">(1)</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">The combined public offering price is $6.50 per share of Common Stock and accompanying Common Warrants, and $6.4999 per Pre-Funded Warrant and accompanying Common Warrants.</p></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font-size:10pt;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="width:4%;"></td> <td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">(2)</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">Does not include proceeds from the exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants in cash, if any.</p></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong>Indemnification</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We have agreed to indemnify the Underwriters and specified other persons against specified liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, and to contribute to payments the Underwriters may be required to make in respect thereof.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">22</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong>Underwriter Warrants </strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Upon closing of this offering, we will issue to the underwriters a compensation warrant (the &#8220;Underwriter Warrants&#8221;) entitling the underwriters or its designees to purchase up to 48,615 shares of Common Stock (or 55,907 shares of Common Stock if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares of Common Stock and accompanying Common Warrants) (equal to 2.0% of the aggregate number of securities sold in this offering) at $8.125 per share (equal to 125% of the public offering price per share and accompanying warrant), subject to any reductions necessary to comply with the rules and regulations of FINRA. This warrant will be exercisable at any time and from time to time, in whole or in part, during the five-year period commencing six months from the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, but may not be transferred at any time prior to the date which is 180 days beginning on the date of the commencement of sales of securities in connection with this offering in compliance with FINRA Rule 5110(e)(1)(A). The Underwriter Warrants have been deemed compensation by FINRA and are therefore subject to a 180-day lock-up pursuant to FINRA Rule 5110(e). The underwriters (or their respective permitted assignees under FINRA Rule 5110(e)(2)(B)) will not sell, transfer, assign, pledge, or hypothecate the Underwriter Warrants or the securities underlying such warrants, nor will they engage in any hedging, short sale, derivative, put, or call transaction that would result in the effective economic disposition of such warrants or the underlying securities for a period of 180 days following the date of commencement of sales pursuant to the offering. </p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">The issuance of the Underwriter Warrants and the shares underlying such warrants are registered on the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. </p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong>Over-allotment Option to Purchase Additional Securities </strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We have granted A.G.P, the representative of the Underwriters, an option to purchase from us, at the public offering price, up to additional 364,615 shares of Common Stock (15% of the Common Stock, or Pre-Funded Warrants sold in lieu, sold in this offering) and accompanying Common Warrants, less the underwriting discounts and commissions, within 45 days from the date of this prospectus to cover over-allotments, if any. If A.G.P. exercises the option in full, the total underwriting discounts and commissions payable will be $165,899 and the total proceeds to us, before expenses will be approximately $2,204,097.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong>Stabilization</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">In connection with this offering, the Underwriters may engage in stabilizing transactions, over-allotment transactions, syndicate-covering transactions, penalty bids and purchases to cover positions created by short sales. Stabilizing transactions permit bids to purchase shares so long as the stabilizing bids do not exceed a specified maximum, and are engaged in for the purpose of preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of the shares while the offering is in progress.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Over-allotment transactions involve sales by the underwriters of shares in excess of the number of shares the underwriters are obligated to purchase. This creates a syndicate short position that may be either a covered short position or a naked short position. In a covered short position, the number of shares over-allotted by the underwriters is not greater than the number of shares in the over-allotment option. In a naked short position, the number of shares involved is greater than the number of shares in the over-allotment option. The Underwriters may close out any short position by exercising their option to purchase additional shares of Common Stock in the open market.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Syndicate covering transactions involve purchases of shares in the open market after the distribution has been completed in order to cover syndicate short positions. In determining the source of shares to close out the short position, the underwriters will consider, among other things, the price of shares available for purchase in the open market as compared with the price at which they may purchase shares through exercise of the over-allotment option. If the underwriters sell more shares than could be covered by exercise of the over-allotment option and, therefore, have a naked short position, the position can be closed out only by buying shares in the open market. A naked short position is more likely to be created if the underwriters are concerned that after pricing there could be downward pressure on the price of the shares in the open market that could adversely affect investors who purchase in the offering.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Penalty bids permit the representative to reclaim a selling concession from a syndicate member when the shares originally sold by that syndicate member are purchased in stabilizing or syndicate covering transactions to cover syndicate short positions.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">These stabilizing transactions, syndicate covering transactions and penalty bids may have the effect of raising or maintaining the market price of our Common Stock or preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of our Common Stock. As a result, the price of our Common Stock in the open market may be higher than it would otherwise be in the absence of these transactions. Neither we nor the underwriters make any representation or prediction as to the effect that the transactions described above may have on the price of our Common Stock. These transactions may be effected on the NYSE American in the over-the-counter market or otherwise and, if commenced, may be discontinued at any time.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong>Passive Market Making</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">In connection with this offering, Underwriters and selling group members may engage in passive market making transactions in our Common Stock on the NYSE American and over-the-counter market in accordance with Rule 103 of Regulation M under the Exchange Act, during a period before the commencement of offers or sales of the shares and extending through the completion of the distribution. A passive market maker must display its bid at a price not in excess of the highest independent bid of that security. However, if all independent bids are lowered below the passive market maker&#8217;s bid, then that bid must then be lowered when specified purchase limits are exceeded.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">23</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong>Lock-Up Agreements</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Our directors and officers have entered into lock-up agreements. Under these agreements, these individuals agreed, subject to specified exceptions, not to sell or transfer any shares of Common Stock or securities convertible into, or exchangeable or exercisable for, Common Stock during a period ending 60 days after the completion of this offering, without first obtaining the written consent of the Underwriters. Specifically, these individuals agreed, in part, subject to certain exceptions, not to:</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font-size:10pt;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="width:4%;"></td> <td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">offer for sale, sell, pledge, or otherwise transfer or dispose of (or enter into any transaction or device that is designed to, or could be expected to, result in the transfer or disposition by any person at any time in the future of) any shares of Common Stock or securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for Common Stock;</p></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font-size:10pt;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="width:4%;"></td> <td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">enter into any swap or other derivatives transaction that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic benefits or risks of ownership of shares of Common Stock; or</p></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font-size:10pt;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="width:4%;"></td> <td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px"><font style="font-family:symbol">&#183;</font></p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">make any demand for or exercise any right or cause to be filed a registration statement, including any amendments thereto, with respect to the registration of any of our securities.</p></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong>Insider Participation </strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer/Chief Operating Officer and certain directors have agreed to participate in this offering at the public offering price and on the same terms as the other purchasers in this offering. </p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong>No Sales of Similar Securities</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We have agreed, subject to certain exceptions, not to issue, enter into any agreement to issue or announce the issuance or proposed issuance of, any shares of Common Stock (or securities convertible into or exercisable for Common Stock) or, subject to certain exceptions, file any registration statement, including any amendments or supplements thereto (other than the registration statement or amendment to the registration statement relating to the securities offered hereunder and a registration statement on Form S-8), until 45 days after the completion of this offering. We have also agreed not to enter into or issue any shares under a variable rate transaction (as defined in the underwriting agreement) for four months after the completion of this offering, provided that for the period commencing on the 46th day following the completion of this offering, we will be permitted to make any sales under any &#8220;at-the-market offering&#8221; sales agreement. </p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong>Other Activities and Relationships</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">The Underwriters and certain of its affiliates are full service financial institutions engaged in various activities, which may include securities trading, commercial and investment banking, financial advisory, investment management, investment research, principal investment, hedging, financing and brokerage activities. The Underwriters and certain of their affiliates have, from time to time, performed, and may in the future perform, various commercial and investment banking and financial advisory services for us and our affiliates, for which they received or will receive customary fees and expenses.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">24</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">For example, on February 11, 2025, we entered into the Sales Agreement with A.G.P., pursuant to which we may offer and sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $6,000,000 from time to time through A.G.P., acting as our sales agent or principal. A.G.P. will be entitled to compensation under the terms of the Sales Agreement at a fixed commission rate of up to 3.0% of the gross sales price per share sold, in addition to reimbursement of certain expenses. As of the date of this prospectus, we have sold 11,011,896 shares of our common stock under such Sales Agreement. </p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">In addition, on February 6, 2025, we entered into a placement agency agreement with A.G.P., as lead placement agent and Laidlaw, as co-placement agent, pursuant to which we engaged A.G.P. and Laidlaw as the exclusive placement agents in connection with the February 2025 RD Offering and concurrent private placement of Series E common stock purchase warrants. We agreed to pay the Underwriters a fee in cash equal to 7.00% of the gross proceeds from the sale of the shares, pre-funded warrants, and Series E common stock purchase warrants issued to the investor in connection with the offering. We also agreed to reimburse the Underwriters for out-of-pocket expenses, including the reasonable fees of legal counsel not to exceed $50,000.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Lastly, on May 7, 2025, we entered into a placement agency agreement with A.G.P., as lead placement agent and Laidlaw as co-placement agent, pursuant to which we engaged A.G.P. and Laidlaw as the exclusive placement agents in connection with the Offering. We agreed to pay the Underwriters a fee in cash equal to 7.00% of the gross proceeds from the sale of the shares, Series F common stock purchase warrants, Series G common stock purchase warrants issued in connection with the offering. We also agreed to reimburse the Underwriters for out-of-pocket expenses, including the reasonable fees of legal counsel not to exceed $85,000. </p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">In the ordinary course of its various business activities, the Underwriters and certain of their affiliates may make or hold a broad array of investments and actively trade debt and equity securities (or related derivative securities) and financial instruments (including bank loans) for their own account and for the accounts of their customers, and such investment and securities activities may involve securities and/or instruments issued by us and our affiliates. If the Underwriters or their affiliates have a lending relationship with us, they routinely hedge their credit exposure to us consistent with their customary risk management policies. The Underwriters and their affiliates may hedge such exposure by entering into transactions that consist of either the purchase of credit default swaps or the creation of short positions in our securities or the securities of our affiliates, including potentially the Common Stock offered hereby. Any such short positions could adversely affect future trading prices of the Common Stock offered hereby. The Underwriters and certain of their affiliates may also communicate independent investment recommendations, market color or trading ideas and/or publish or express independent research views in respect of such securities or instruments and may at any time hold, or recommend to clients that they acquire, long and/or short positions in such securities and instruments.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">25</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong><a name="LEGALMATTERS">LEGAL MATTERS</a></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Thompson Hine LLP, New York, New York will pass upon certain legal matters related to the issuance of the Common Stock, Common Warrants, and Pre-Funded Warrants offered hereby on our behalf. The Underwriters are being represented by Sullivan &amp; Worcester LLP, New York, New York in connection with this offering.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong><a name="EXPERTS">EXPERTS</a></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">The consolidated financial statements of Palatin Technologies, Inc. as of June 30, 2025 and 2024, and for the fiscal years then ended, have been incorporated by reference herein and in the registration statement in reliance upon the report of KPMG LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, incorporated by reference herein, and upon the authority of said firm as experts in accounting and auditing.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">The audit report covering the June 30, 2025 consolidated financial statements contains an explanatory paragraph that states that the Company&#8217;s recurring operating losses and negative cash flows from operations raise substantial doubt about the entity&#8217;s ability to continue as a going concern. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of that uncertainty.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">26</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong><a name="WHEREYOUCAN">WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION</a></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-1 under the Securities Act with respect to the common stock offered by this prospectus. This prospectus, which constitutes a part of the registration statement, does not contain all the information set forth in the registration statement, some of which is contained in exhibits to the registration statement as permitted by the rules and regulations of the SEC. For further information with respect to us and our securities, we refer you to the registration statement, including the exhibits filed as a part of the registration statement. Statements contained in this prospectus concerning the contents of any contract or any other documents are not necessarily complete. If a contract or document has been filed as an exhibit to the registration statement, please see the copy of the contract or document that has been filed. Each statement in this prospectus relating to a contract or document filed as an exhibit is qualified in all respects by the filed exhibit. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, like us, that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is http://www.sec.gov.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We are subject to the informational reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. We file reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Our SEC filings are available over the Internet at the SEC&#8217;s website at http://www.sec.gov. We make available, free of charge, on our website at http://www.palatin.com, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports and statements as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed with the SEC. The contents of our website are not part of this prospectus, and the reference to our website does not constitute incorporation by reference into this prospectus of the information contained on or through that site, other than documents we file with the SEC that are specifically incorporated by reference into this prospectus.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Upon request, we will provide, without charge, to each person, including any beneficial owner, to whom a copy of this prospectus is delivered, a copy of the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus but not delivered with the prospectus. You may request a copy of these filings, and any exhibits we have specifically incorporated by reference as an exhibit in this prospectus, at no cost by writing us at the Company address provided below in section titled &#8220;Information We Incorporate by Reference.&#8221;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">27</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong><a name="INFORMATIONwe">INFORMATION WE INCORPORATE BY REFERENCE </a></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">The SEC allows us to &#8220;incorporate by reference&#8221; into this prospectus the information in documents we file with it, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those documents. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be a part of this prospectus, and information that we file later with the SEC will automatically update and supersede this information. Any statement contained in any document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference herein shall be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus to the extent that a statement contained in or omitted from this prospectus or any accompanying prospectus supplement, or in any other subsequently filed document, which also is or is deemed to be incorporated by reference herein, modifies or supersedes such statement. Any such statement so modified or superseded shall not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this prospectus.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We incorporate by reference the documents listed below and any future documents that we file with the SEC (excluding any portion of such documents that are furnished and not filed with the SEC) under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act on or after the date of this prospectus until the offering of the securities is terminated:</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font-size:10pt;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="width:4%;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="width:4%;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;margin:0px">our Annual Report on <a href="http://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/911216/000165495425011030/ptn_10k.htm">Form 10-K</a> for the year ended June 30, 2025, as filed with the SEC on September 23, 2025; </p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">our Current Reports on Form 8-K and/or amendments thereto (other than any portions thereof deemed furnished and not filed), as filed with the SEC on <a href="http://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/911216/000165495425007872/ptn_8k.htm">July 9, 2025</a>, <a href="http://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/911216/000165495425008579/ptn_8k.htm">July 29, 2025</a>, <a href="http://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/911216/000165495425009290/ptn_8k.htm">August 8, 2025</a> (as amended on <a href="http://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/911216/000165495425009330/ptn_8ka.htm">August 11, 2025</a>), <a href="http://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/911216/000165495425009743/ptn_8k.htm">August 18, 2025</a>, <a href="http://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/911216/000165495425010576/ptn_8k.htm">September 10, 2025</a>, and <a href="http://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/911216/000165495425010973/ptn_8k.htm">September 22, 2025</a>; and</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&nbsp;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">&#9679;</p></td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <p style="font-size:10pt;font-family:times new roman;text-align:justify;margin:0px">the description of our Common Stock contained in our Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed with the SEC on December 13, 1999, including all amendments and reports filed for the purpose of updating such description, including the description of our Common Stock contained in our Annual Report on <a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/911216/000165495419010679/ptn_10k.htm">Form 10-K</a>&nbsp;for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, filed with the SEC on September 12, 2019, including any amendment or report for the purpose of updating such description.</p></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">We will not, however, incorporate by reference in this prospectus any documents or portions thereof that are not deemed &#8220;filed&#8221; with the SEC, including any information furnished pursuant to Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 of our Current Reports on Form 8-K unless, and except to the extent, specified in such Current Reports.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Any statement contained in a previously filed document is deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus to the extent that a statement contained in this prospectus or in a subsequently filed document incorporated by reference herein modifies or supersedes the statement, and any statement contained in this prospectus is deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus to the extent that a statement contained in a subsequently filed document incorporated by reference herein modifies or supersedes the statement. Any statement so modified or superseded will not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this prospectus.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">Upon request, we will provide, without charge, to each person, including any beneficial owner, to whom a copy of this prospectus is delivered, a copy of the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus but not delivered therewith. You may request a copy of these filings, and any exhibits we have specifically incorporated by reference as an exhibit in this prospectus, at no cost by writing or telephoning us at the following address: Stephen T. Wills, Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer, Palatin Technologies, Inc., 11 Deer Park Drive, Suite 204, Monmouth Junction, NJ 08512, Telephone: (609) 495-2200, Fax: (609) 495-2201.</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;"><strong>You should rely only on information contained in, or incorporated by reference into, this prospectus. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with information that is different. This prospectus may be used only in jurisdictions where offers and sales of these securities are permitted. Offers to sell the securities in any jurisdiction in which such an offer or solicitation is not authorized or in which the person making such offer or solicitation is not qualified to do so or to anyone to whom it is unlawful to make such offer or solicitation. This document may only be used where it is legal to sell these securities. The information in this document may only be accurate on the date of this document.</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;text-align:center;">28</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><p style='page-break-after: always'></p></td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td><em><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></em></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><img src="ptn_424b4img3.jpg"></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong>448,769 Shares of Common Stock</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong>2,430,769 Series J Common Warrants to Purchase Up to 2,430,769 Shares of Common Stock</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong>2,430,769 Series K Common Warrants to purchase up to 2,430,769 Shares of Common Stock</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong>1,982,000 Pre-Funded Warrants to Purchase Up to 1,982,000 Shares of Common Stock</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong>48,615 Underwriter Warrants to Purchase Up to 48,615 Shares of Common Stock</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong>2,430,769 Shares of Common Stock Underlying the Series J Common Warrants</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong>2,430,769 Shares of Common Stock Underlying the Series K Common Warrants</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong>1,982,000&nbsp;Shares of Common Stock Underlying the Pre-Funded Warrants</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong>48,615 Shares of Common Stock Underlying the Underwriter&#8217;s Warrants</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong>PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><em>Sole Book-Running Manager </em></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong><font style="font-size:18pt">A.G.P.</font></strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><em>Lead Manager </em></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong>LAIDLAW &amp; COMPANY (UK) LTD.</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:center;"><strong>November 5, 2025</strong></p> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p> <table style="border-spacing:0;font:10pt times new roman;width:100%" cellpadding="0"> <tr style="height:15px"> <td class="hpbhr">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr style="height:15px"> <td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;"></td></tr></table> <p style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: times new roman; MARGIN: 0px; text-align:justify;">&nbsp;</p><body>
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
