<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001193125-25-186446.txt : 20250822
<SEC-HEADER>0001193125-25-186446.hdr.sgml : 20250822
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20250822162225
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001193125-25-186446
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	S-1
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		18
FILED AS OF DATE:		20250822
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20250822

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			MEDICINOVA INC
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001226616
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	03 Life Sciences
		EIN:				330927979
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		S-1
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-289801
		FILM NUMBER:		251246562

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		4275 EXECUTIVE SQUARE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 300
		CITY:			LA JOLLA
		STATE:			CA
		ZIP:			92037
		BUSINESS PHONE:		858-373-1500

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		4275 EXECUTIVE SQUARE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 300
		CITY:			LA JOLLA
		STATE:			CA
		ZIP:			92037
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>S-1
<SEQUENCE>1
<FILENAME>d163359ds1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>S-1
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<HTML><HEAD>
<TITLE>S-1</TITLE>
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<h5 align="left" style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold"><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></h5>


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 22, 2025 </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B>Registration No.&nbsp;333-&#8195;&#8195;&#8195; </B></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:4pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV STYLE="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;border-bottom:1px solid #000000">&nbsp;
</DIV><DIV STYLE="line-height:3.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #000000">&nbsp;</DIV> <P STYLE="margin-top:4pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:16pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>UNITED STATES </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:16pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Washington, D.C. 20549 </B></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:4pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center><DIV STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:21%">&nbsp;</DIV></center>
<P STYLE="margin-top:4pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:16pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>FORM <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-1</FONT> </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:16pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>REGISTRATION STATEMENT </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><I>UNDER </I></B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><I>THE
SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 </I></B></P> <P STYLE="font-size:4pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center><DIV STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:21%">&nbsp;</DIV></center>
<P STYLE="margin-top:4pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:22pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>MEDICINOVA, INC. </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>(Exact
name of registrant as specified in its charter) </B></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:4pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center><DIV STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:21%">&nbsp;</DIV></center>
<P STYLE="font-size:4pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt" ALIGN="center">


<TR>

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<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="32%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1%"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="32%"></TD></TR>


<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" ALIGN="center"><FONT STYLE="font-size:9pt"><B>Delaware</B></FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top" ALIGN="center"><B>2834</B></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top" ALIGN="center"><B><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">33-0927979</FONT></B></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" ALIGN="center"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>(State or other jurisdiction of</B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>incorporation or organization)</B></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top" ALIGN="center"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>(Primary Standard Industrial</B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Classification Code Number)</B></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top" ALIGN="center"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>(I.R.S. Employer</B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Identification Number)</B></P></TD></TR>
</TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:4pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>4275 Executive Square, Suite 300 </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>La Jolla, California 92037 </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">(858)&nbsp;373-1500</FONT></B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant&#8217;s principal executive offices) </B></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:4pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center><DIV STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:21%">&nbsp;</DIV></center>
<P STYLE="margin-top:4pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Yuichi Iwaki, M.D., Ph.D. </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>President and Chief Executive Officer </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>MEDICINOVA, INC. </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>4275
Executive Square, Suite 300 </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>La Jolla, California 92037 </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">(858)&nbsp;373-1500</FONT></B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service) </B></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:4pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center><DIV STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:21%">&nbsp;</DIV></center>
<P STYLE="margin-top:4pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><I>Copies of all communications, including communications sent to agent for service, should be sent to: </I></B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Kirt W Shuldberg, Esq. </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>John E. Maciejewski, Esq. </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Gunderson Dettmer Stough Villeneuve </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Franklin&nbsp;&amp; Hachigian, LLP </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>3570 Carmel Mountain Rd., Suite 200 </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>San Diego, California 92130 </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">(858)&nbsp;436-8000</FONT></B></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:4pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center><DIV STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:21%">&nbsp;</DIV></center>
<P STYLE="margin-top:4pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:</B> From time to time after this Registration Statement becomes effective.
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the
Securities Act of 1933 check the following box.&#8194;&#9746; </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering
pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.&#8194;&#9744; </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the
Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.&#8194;&#9744; </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If
this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same
offering.&#8194;&#9744; </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-accelerated</FONT> filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of &#8220;large accelerated filer,&#8221; &#8220;accelerated filer,&#8221; &#8220;smaller reporting
company,&#8221; and &#8220;emerging growth company&#8221; in Rule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">12b-2</FONT> of the Exchange Act. </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8.5pt" ALIGN="center">


<TR>

<TD WIDTH="16%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1%"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="59%"></TD>

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<TD WIDTH="20%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1%"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="2%"></TD></TR>


<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8.5pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Large&nbsp;accelerated&nbsp;filer</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&#9744;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Accelerated&nbsp;filer</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&#9744;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="4"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="4" COLSPAN="2"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="4" COLSPAN="2"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="4" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8.5pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Non-accelerated&nbsp;filer</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&#9746;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Smaller&nbsp;reporting&nbsp;company</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&#9746;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="4"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="4" COLSPAN="2"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="4" COLSPAN="2"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="4" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8.5pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Emerging&nbsp;growth&nbsp;company</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&#9744;</TD></TR>
</TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period
for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section&nbsp;7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.&#8194;&#9744; </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:4pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center><DIV STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:21%">&nbsp;</DIV></center>
<P STYLE="margin-top:4pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>THE REGISTRANT HEREBY AMENDS THIS REGISTRATION STATEMENT ON SUCH DATE OR DATES AS MAY BE NECESSARY TO DELAY ITS EFFECTIVE DATE UNTIL THE REGISTRANT SHALL
FILE A FURTHER AMENDMENT WHICH SPECIFICALLY STATES THAT THIS REGISTRATION STATEMENT SHALL THEREAFTER BECOME EFFECTIVE IN ACCORDANCE WITH SECTION 8(a) OF THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED, OR UNTIL THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT SHALL BECOME
EFFECTIVE ON SUCH DATE AS THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, ACTING PURSUANT TO SAID SECTION 8(a), MAY DETERMINE. </B></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV STYLE="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;border-bottom:1px solid #000000">&nbsp;
</DIV><DIV STYLE="line-height:3.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #000000">&nbsp;</DIV>
</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always"> </p>
<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">
<h5 align="left" style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold"><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></h5>


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <DIV STYLE="position:relative; overflow:visible; width:651pt; height:30pt; transform-origin:bottom left; transform: rotate(-90deg) translate(-100%, 100%) translateX(30pt);">
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:ARIAL"><FONT COLOR="#ff4338"><B>The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. The selling stockholder may not sell these securities until
the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and we are not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state or jurisdiction
where the offer or sale is not permitted. </B></FONT></P></DIV><DIV STYLE="position:relative; overflow:visible; margin-left:48pt; margin-right:48pt; transform: translateY(-30pt);">
<p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#ff4338"><B>SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED AUGUST 22, 2025.
</B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#ff4338"><B>PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt" ALIGN="center">


<IMG SRC="g163359g21l80.jpg" ALT="LOGO" STYLE="width:1.27361in;height:0.434351in;">
 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:24pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>MediciNova, Inc. </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:14pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>25,000,000 Shares of Common Stock </B></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center><DIV STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:21%">&nbsp;</DIV></center>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This prospectus relates to the offer and sale of up to 25,000,000 shares of our common stock, par value $0.001 per share, by YA II PN, LTD.
(the &#8220;YA&#8221; or the &#8220;selling stockholder&#8221;), a Cayman Islands exempt limited partnership. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The shares of common stock
being offered by the selling stockholder are being issued pursuant to the Standby Equity Purchase Agreement, dated July&nbsp;30, 2025, which we entered into with YA (the &#8220;Purchase Agreement&#8221;). We are not selling any securities under this
prospectus and will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of our shares by the selling stockholder. However, we may receive up to $30.0&nbsp;million in aggregate gross proceeds from sales of our shares to YA that we may make under the
Purchase Agreement, from time to time during the 36 months following the execution of the Purchase Agreement (the &#8220;Advance Shares&#8221;. The shares that may be offered pursuant to this prospectus represent Advance Shares, which would be
purchased by YA from time to time pursuant to the Purchase Agreement at a price equal to 97% of the lowest of the three daily volume weighted average prices(the &#8220;VWAPs&#8221;), during a pricing period as set forth in the Purchase Agreement and
would be subject to certain limitations. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The selling stockholder may sell the shares of common stock included in this prospectus in a
number of different ways and at varying prices. We provide more information about how the selling stockholder may sell the shares in the section entitled &#8220;Plan of Distribution&#8221;. The selling stockholder is an &#8220;underwriter&#8221;
within the meaning of Section&nbsp;2(a)(11) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#8220;Securities Act&#8221;). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The selling
stockholder will pay all brokerage fees and commissions and similar expenses in connection with the offer and sale of the shares by the selling stockholder pursuant to this prospectus. We will pay the expenses (except brokerage fees and commissions
and similar expenses) incurred in registering under the Securities Act the offer and sale of the shares included in this prospectus by the selling stockholder. See section entitled &#8220;Plan of Distribution&#8221;. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol &#8220;MNOV&#8221;. On August 21, 2025, the last reported sale price
of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market was $1.29 per share. </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center><DIV STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:21%">&nbsp;</DIV></center>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Investing in our securities involves risks. See the section entitled &#8220;<A HREF="#tx163359_5">Risk Factors</A>&#8221; included in this
prospectus. </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of
these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense. </B></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center><DIV STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:21%">&nbsp;</DIV></center>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>The date of this prospectus is &#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;, 2025. </B></P></DIV>
<p STYLE="clear:both; font-size:1pt; height:0">&nbsp;</p>
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<h5 align="left" style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold"><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></h5>


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="toc"></A>TABLE OF CONTENTS </B></P>
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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#tx163359_1">ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS</A></P></TD>
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<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">1</TD>
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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#tx163359_2">PROSPECTUS SUMMARY</A></P></TD>
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<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">2</TD>
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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#tx163359_3">THE OFFERING</A></P></TD>
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<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">9</TD>
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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#tx163359_4">SUMMARY RISK FACTORS</A></P></TD>
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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#tx163359_5">RISK FACTORS</A></P></TD>
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<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">13</TD>
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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#tx163359_6">SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS</A></P></TD>
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<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">16</TD>
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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#tx163359_7">USE OF PROCEEDS</A></P></TD>
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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#tx163359_8">DIVIDEND POLICY</A></P></TD>
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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#tx163359_9">CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PERSON TRANSACTIONS</A></P></TD>
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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#tx163359_10">SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT</A></P></TD>

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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#tx163359_11">SELLING STOCKHOLDER</A></P></TD>
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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#tx163359_12">DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES</A></P></TD>
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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#tx163359_13">PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION</A></P></TD>
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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#tx163359_14">LEGAL MATTERS</A></P></TD>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="tx163359_1"></A>ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This prospectus is part of a registration statement that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#8220;SEC&#8221;). As
permitted by the rules and regulations of the SEC, the registration statement filed by us includes additional information not contained in this prospectus. You may read the registration statement and the other reports we file with the SEC at the
SEC&#8217;s website or its offices described below under the heading &#8220;Where You Can Find More Information&#8221;. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">You should rely
only on the information contained in this prospectus. We have not, and the selling stockholder has not, authorized anyone to provide you with different information. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not
rely on it. The distribution of this prospectus and sale of these securities in certain jurisdictions may be restricted by law. We are not making an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. Persons
in possession of this prospectus are required to inform themselves about and observe any such restrictions. The information contained in this prospectus that we have authorized for use in connection with this offering, is accurate only as of the
date of those respective documents regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus when any sale of our securities occurs. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">You should read this prospectus in its entirety, before making an investment decision. You should also read and consider the information in
the documents to which we have referred you in the section of this prospectus entitled &#8220;Where You Can Find More Information&#8221;. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Unless otherwise indicated, information contained in or incorporated by reference into this prospectus concerning our business and the
industry and markets in which we operate, including with respect to our business prospects, our market position and opportunity, and the competitive landscape, is based on information from our management&#8217;s estimates, as well as from industry
publications, surveys, and studies conducted by third parties. Our management&#8217;s estimates are derived from publicly available information, their knowledge of our business and industry, and assumptions based on such information and knowledge,
which they believe to be reasonable. In addition, while we believe that information contained in the industry publications, surveys, and studies has been obtained from reliable sources, we have not independently verified any of the data contained in
these third-party sources, and the accuracy and completeness of the information contained in these sources is not guaranteed. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Although we
are not aware of any misstatements regarding the market and industry data presented in this prospectus and the documents incorporated herein by reference, these estimates involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various
factors, including those discussed under the heading &#8220;Risk Factors&#8221; in this prospectus and any related free writing prospectus, and under similar headings in the other documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus,
including in our Annual Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> filed with the SEC on February&nbsp;19, 2025. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on this information. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">1 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="tx163359_2"></A>PROSPECTUS SUMMARY </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>The following summary highlights certain information contained elsewhere in this prospectus. Because this is only a summary, it does not
contain all the information you should consider before investing in our securities and it is qualified in its entirety by, and should be read in conjunction with, the more detailed information included elsewhere in this prospectus. Before you make
an investment decision, you should read this entire prospectus carefully, including the risks of investing in our securities discussed under the section of this prospectus entitled &#8220;Risk Factors&#8221;. </I></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>Unless the context indicates otherwise, in this prospectus, the terms &#8220;MediciNova,&#8221; &#8220;we,&#8221; &#8220;us&#8221; and
&#8220;our&#8221; refer to MediciNova, Inc. </I></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Overview </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We are a biopharmaceutical company focused on developing novel therapeutics for the treatment of serious diseases with unmet medical needs and
a commercial focus on the United States (&#8220;U.S.&#8221;) market. Our current strategy is to focus our development activities on <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) for neurological and other disorders such as progressive
multiple sclerosis (&#8220;MS&#8221;), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (&#8220;ALS&#8221;), chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (&#8220;CIPN&#8221;), degenerative cervical myelopathy (&#8220;DCM&#8221;), glioblastoma, substance dependence and
addiction (e.g., methamphetamine dependence), and prevention of acute respiratory distress syndrome (&#8220;ARDS&#8221;), and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-001</FONT> (tipelukast) for fibrotic and other metabolic disorders such as nonalcoholic
fatty liver disease (&#8220;NAFLD&#8221;), and hypertriglycedemia. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: </I></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We completed a Phase 2b clinical trial of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) for the treatment of relapsing MS, in
which positive safety and neuroprotective efficacy indicators were observed. The data from this trial indicated that <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) may have potential in the treatment of progressive MS. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We partnered with investigators on a Phase 2b clinical trial of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in primary
progressive and secondary progressive MS which was conducted by NeuroNEXT and funded by the National Institute of Health&#8217;s (&#8220;NIH&#8221;) National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (&#8220;NINDS&#8221;). This progressive MS
trial, known as <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">SPRINT-MS,</FONT> completed randomization of 255 subjects in 2015, which exceeded the goal of 250 subjects that were planned for participation. In October 2017, we announced the presentation of
positive <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">top-line</FONT> results from the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">SPRINT-MS</FONT> Phase 2b clinical trial of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in progressive MS. The trial achieved
both primary endpoints of whole brain atrophy and safety and tolerability. <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) demonstrated a statistically significant 48% reduction in the rate of progression of whole brain atrophy compared
to placebo (p=0.04) as measured by magnetic resonance imaging (&#8220;MRI&#8221;) analysis using brain parenchymal fraction (&#8220;BPF&#8221;) and there was not an increased rate of serious adverse events in the
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) group compared to the placebo group. In February 2018, we announced the presentation of positive clinical efficacy trends from this trial regarding the important secondary endpoint of
confirmed disability progression. <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) demonstrated a 26% reduction in the risk of confirmed disability progression compared to placebo (hazard ratio=0.74), as measured by Expanded Disability
Status Scale (&#8220;EDSS&#8221;). Results of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">SPRINT-MS</FONT> Phase 2b clinical trial of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in progressive MS were published in the New England Journal of
Medicine in August 2018. In April 2019, we announced results from a subgroup analysis of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">SPRINT-MS</FONT> Phase 2b trial of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in progressive MS which
showed that the trends for reduction in the risk of confirmed disability progression were highest for the subgroup of subjects with secondary progressive MS without relapse, in which <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast)
demonstrated a 46% risk reduction compared to placebo. Additional data from the completed <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">SPRINT-MS</FONT> Phase 2b trial of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in progressive MS was presented
in May 2019 at the American Academy of Neurology (&#8220;AAN&#8221;) 71st Annual Meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In November 2020, we announced that positive Optical Coherence Tomography (&#8220;OCT&#8221;) results from the <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">SPRINT-MS</FONT> Phase 2b trial of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in progressive MS were published in <I>Multiple Sclerosis</I> </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">2 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">
<I>Journal</I>. In July 2021, we received a Notice of Allowance from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (&#8220;USPTO&#8221;) for a new patent which covers
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) for the treatment of an ophthalmic disease/disorder or injury associated with a neurodegenerative disease/disorder or a neuro-ophthalmologic disorder. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Food and Drug Administration (&#8220;FDA&#8221;) has granted <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast), for the treatment
of patients with progressive MS, Fast Track designation, a process designed to facilitate the development, and expedite the review of drugs to treat serious conditions and fill an unmet medical need. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: </I></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We initiated a clinical trial of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in ALS in the second half of 2014, and this trial
was completed during the second half of 2017. In December 2017, we announced positive <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">top-line</FONT> results from this trial. The trial achieved the primary endpoint of safety and tolerability. In addition, there
was a higher rate of responders on the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-Revised <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">(&#8220;ALSFRS-R&#8221;)</FONT> total score, a measure of functional activity, in the <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) group compared to the placebo group. In September 2018, we received feedback from the FDA regarding our clinical development plan for <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in
ALS. In January 2019, we received a Notice of Allowance from the USPTO for a new patent which covers the combination of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) and riluzole for the treatment of ALS and other neurodegenerative
diseases. In April 2019, we announced that the FDA completed its review of the protocol and determined that we may proceed with a Phase 2b/3 clinical trial of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in ALS. In June 2019, we
announced a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">kick-off</FONT> meeting for the Phase 2b/3 clinical trial of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in ALS. In December 2019, we announced that additional analyses of the completed
clinical trial of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in ALS was presented at the 30th&nbsp;International Symposium on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease (&#8220;ALS/MND&#8221;) in Perth, Australia. In December
2021, we announced that a poster with an overview of our ongoing Phase 2b/3 clinical trial of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in ALS was presented at the 32nd International Symposium on ALS/MND. In December 2024, a study
update and interim analysis of phase 2/3 clinical data of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">COMBAT-ALS</FONT> trial was presented at the 35th international symposium on ALS/MND at
Montreal, Canada. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The FDA has granted Fast Track designation to <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) for the
treatment of ALS as well as Orphan-Drug designation for the treatment of ALS, which will provide seven years of marketing exclusivity if it is approved for ALS. The European Commission also granted Orphan Medicinal Product Designation for <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) for the treatment of ALS. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>Substance Dependence and Addiction: </I></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Investigators at Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute (&#8220;NYSPI&#8221;) previously completed a Phase 1b/2a
clinical trial of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in opioid withdrawal that was funded by National Institute Drug Abuse (&#8220;NIDA&#8221;). Investigators at Columbia University and the NYSPI also conducted a NIDA-funded,
Phase 2a clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in the treatment of patients addicted to prescription opioids or heroin. In March 2016, we announced that positive findings from the
results of this completed study in opioid dependence were presented at the Behavior, Biology and Chemistry: Translational Research in Addiction Meeting. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In November 2017, we announced a collaboration with Oregon Health&nbsp;&amp; Science University to initiate a biomarker study for evaluating <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in methamphetamine use disorder and this trial is ongoing. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Researchers at University
of California, Los Angeles (&#8220;UCLA&#8221;) were granted approval and funding by the National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (&#8220;NIAAA&#8221;) for a clinical trial to evaluate <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT>
(ibudilast) for the treatment of alcohol dependence. This clinical trial was completed and results were presented at the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology&#8217;s (&#8220;ACNP&#8221;) 54th Annual Meeting in December 2015. In May 2018, we
announced a new NIDA-funded clinical trial of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in alcohol dependence and withdrawal in collaboration with researchers at UCLA. This clinical trial was completed and positive findings
</P>
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were presented at the American Psychological Association 2020 Annual Convention held online in August 2020. Results from this clinical trial were also published in the June 2021 edition of
Nature&#8217;s <I>Translational Psychiatry. </I>In August 2018, we announced a new NIAAA-funded Phase 2b clinical trial of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) to evaluate heavy drinking days in subjects with alcohol dependence
in collaboration with researchers at UCLA and this trial has been completed. In February 2022, we announced that <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) was discussed as one of the promising pharmacological agents for the
treatment of alcohol use disorder in the journal <I>Drugs</I>. In April 2022, we announced that a secondary analysis of a Phase 2 clinical trial of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in alcohol use disorder was published in
the journal <I>Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research</I>. In December 2022, we announced that positive results from a secondary analysis of our Phase 2 trial of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in alcohol use
disorder were published in <I>The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol </I><I>Abuse</I>. In January 2023, we announced that the Phase 2b clinical trial of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) for the treatment of alcohol use
disorder had completed enrollment. In June 2023, we announced results of the Phase 2b clinical trial of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in alcohol use disorder which were presented at the 46th Annual Research Society on
Alcoholism (&#8220;RSA&#8221;) Scientific Meeting. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: </I></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In March 2018, we announced plans to initiate a clinical trial to evaluate <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) as a
treatment for prevention of CIPN which was funded by the University of Sydney Concord Cancer Centre in Australia. In September 2020, we announced that positive clinical findings from this clinical trial were published in <I>Cancer Chemotherapy and
Pharmacology</I>. In October 2020, we announced plans to initiate a multi-center, placebo-controlled, randomized Phase 2b trial to evaluate <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in CIPN, which was funded by the Australasian
Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group (&#8220;AGITG&#8221;), and this trial is ongoing.</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: </I></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In August 2018, we announced plans to initiate a clinical trial of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in DCM
in<I></I>&nbsp;collaboration with the University of Cambridge. The trial was funded by a grant from the National Institute for Health Research in the United Kingdom (&#8220;UK&#8221;). In May 2019, we announced our participation at the <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Kick-off</FONT> Meeting for the Phase 3 clinical trial in DCM, &#8220;REgeneration in CErvical DEgenerative Myelopathy&#8221; (&#8220;RECEDE Myelopathy&#8221;) in collaboration with the University of Cambridge&#8217;s
researchers. In February 2022, we announced that <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) was discussed as a potential beneficial pharmacological agent for the treatment of DCM in <I>Global Spine Journal</I>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>Glioblastoma: </I></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We have
initiated clinical development to evaluate <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) for the treatment of glioblastoma. In June 2017, we announced positive results from an<I></I>&nbsp;animal model study that examined the potential
clinical efficacy of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) for the treatment of glioblastoma. These results were presented at the 2017 American Society of Clinical Oncology (&#8220;ASCO&#8221;) Annual Meeting. In May 2018, we
announced that the Investigational New Drug Application (&#8220;IND&#8221;) for <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) for treatment of glioblastoma was accepted and opened with the FDA. In October 2018, we announced that the FDA
granted Orphan-Drug designation to <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) as adjunctive therapy to temozolomide for the treatment of glioblastoma. In January 2019, we announced the initiation of enrollment in a clinical trial of <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in combination with temozolomide for the treatment of glioblastoma at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston. In February 2019, we announced that <I>Scientific Reports</I> published results
from the animal model study evaluating <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in glioblastoma. In June 2020, we announced that positive preclinical findings were published in <I>Frontiers in Immunology</I> regarding the prospect
of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) as an adjunctive treatment for glioblastoma. In August 2021, we announced completion of a safety review of Part 1 of the Phase 2 clinical trial of
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in combination with temozolomide, which enrolled 15 subjects with recurrent glioblastoma. There were no concerning safety signals observed in Part 1 and there were no serious adverse events
related to <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast). Five out of 15 subjects completed cycle 6 without disease progression, i.e. 33% of the subjects were progression-free at six months. In April 2022, we announced that data
demonstrating </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">4 </P>

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that <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) prevents metastasis in a uveal melanoma (UM) animal model was published in the journal <I>Molecular Cancer Research</I>. In January
2023, we announced that the Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in combination with temozolomide in glioblastoma at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute had completed enrollment. In February 2023,
we announced the presentation of new data regarding a tumor tissue analysis from this clinical trial at the 20th Annual World Congress of Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (&#8220;SBMT&#8221;). In November 2023, we announced new data and
results of the Phase 2 clinical trial of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in glioblastoma patients at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuro-Oncology (&#8220;SNO&#8221;). The presentation also included data from
preclinical studies which evaluated the combination of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">anti-PD1</FONT> or
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">anti-PD-L1</FONT></FONT> therapy in glioblastoma models. In 2024, we presented new data and results of a Phase 1b/2a Clinical Trial of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT>
(ibudilast) in glioblastoma at the ASCO Annual meeting 2024 held in Chicago, IL. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>Prevention of ARDS in patients with <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">COVID-19:</FONT> </I></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In March 2020, we announced plans to initiate development of <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) for severe pneumonia and ARDS based on positive results of a preclinical study in an animal model of ARDS. In April 2020, we announced plans to initiate a clinical trial of <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) for ARDS caused by <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">COVID-19.</FONT> In July 2020, we announced that the IND for <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) for prevention of ARDS
was accepted and opened with the FDA. We were also informed by the FDA that the proposed clinical&nbsp;investigation of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) for the prevention of ARDS in patients with <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">COVID-19</FONT> may proceed. In April 2022, we announced that the Phase 2 clinical trial of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in hospitalized <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">COVID-19</FONT>
patients at risk for developing ARDS had completed enrollment. In June 2022, we announced positive <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">top-line</FONT> results from this Phase 2 clinical trial. <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast)
demonstrated large improvements compared to placebo for all four clinical endpoints analyzed. The trial achieved statistical significance for one of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">co-primary</FONT> endpoints, the proportion of subjects free of
respiratory failure. The trial also achieved statistical significance for the proportion of subjects discharged from the hospital. There were two deaths in the placebo group and no deaths in the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT>
(ibudilast) group. In July 2022, we announced the initiation of a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">first-in-human</FONT></FONT> clinical study to evaluate a new parenteral (injectable) formulation of <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast). In January 2023, we announced that this Phase I clinical trial of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) 10 mg intravenous (&#8220;IV&#8221;) infusion in healthy volunteers
was completed with a favorable safety profile and was well tolerated.</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>Chlorine <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Gas-Induced</FONT> Lung
Injury: </I></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In March 2021, we announced a partnership with the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
(&#8220;BARDA&#8221;), part of the Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (&#8216;ASPR&#8221;) in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, to develop <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) as a potential
medical countermeasure (&#8220;MCM&#8221;) against chlorine <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">gas-induced</FONT> lung damage such as ARDS and acute lung injury (&#8220;ALI&#8221;). BARDA agreed to provide federal funding for <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">proof-of-concept</FONT></FONT> studies of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) in preclinical models of chlorine <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">gas-induced</FONT>
acute lung injury. In September 2023, we announced the results of the studies conducted under our contract with BARDA. The primary endpoint of the first nonclinical efficacy study was the pulmonary function measure PaO2/FiO2, which is the ratio of
arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen. In the pilot design single-dose treatment regimen, <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) high dose and the positive control rolipram were more efficacious than <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) low dose and the negative control until 12 hours after chlorine exposure but this did not yield statistically significant results for overall pulmonary function. In the multi-dose study, each
treatment was given every 12 hours with a total of four doses after the chlorine gas challenge. Treatment with <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) high dose resulted in greater improvement (p=0.0001) in the mean PaO2/FiO2
ratio than <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) low dose, rolipram, and the negative control. <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) was well tolerated and no safety concerns were observed in the first
nonclinical efficacy study. After multiple attempts by our subcontractor to establish the feasibility of the second <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">chlorine-gas</FONT> induced lung injury model, it was not deemed to be a feasible model to evaluate
a drug candidate and there are no evaluable efficacy results. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-001</FONT> (tipelukast) is in
development for fibrotic and other metabolic disorders as described below. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">5 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (&#8220;NASH&#8221;) and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease:
</I></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We announced positive results of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-001</FONT> (tipelukast) in two different NASH
mouse<I></I>&nbsp;models in 2014, and we opened the IND application for <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-001</FONT> (tipelukast) for the treatment of NASH with the FDA in 2015. The FDA subsequently granted Fast Track designation to <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-001</FONT> (tipelukast) for the treatment of patients with NASH with fibrosis. We then initiated a clinical trial to investigate <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-001</FONT> (tipelukast) for the treatment of
hypertriglyceridemia in NASH and NAFLD patients. In April 2018, we announced that we would terminate this trial early after positive results from an interim analysis in which <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-001</FONT> (tipelukast) significantly
reduced mean serum triglycerides, a primary endpoint. This data was presented at the International Liver Congress 2018, the 53rd annual meeting of the European Association for the Study of the Liver (&#8220;EASL&#8221;) in Paris, France in April
2018. In November 2020, we announced positive results of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">in-vitro</FONT> and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">in-vivo</FONT> studies that evaluated <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-001</FONT> (tipelukast) for its
anti-liver fibrotic effect in human hepatic stellate cells (&#8220;HSCs&#8221;) and in an acute liver injury model at the&nbsp;annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (&#8220;AASLD&#8221;). In November 2021, we
announced new findings from a study that investigated the mechanism by which <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-001</FONT> (tipelukast) alters triglyceride metabolism in hepatocytes at the AASLD. In April 2022, we announced that the FDA completed
its review of a proposed Phase 2 clinical trial to evaluate <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-001</FONT> (tipelukast) for the treatment of patients with NAFLD, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertriglyceridemia, and the FDA determined that the
study may proceed. In July 2022, we announced the initiation of a Phase 2 clinical trial to evaluate <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-001</FONT> (tipelukast) for the treatment of patients with NAFLD, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and
hypertriglyceridemia. In December 2022, we announced the presentation of positive results from a subgroup analysis of the completed Phase 2 clinical trial which evaluated <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-001</FONT> (tipelukast) in participants
with NAFLD and hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) at the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) World Diabetes Congress 2022. In May 2024, we presented an update of ongoing trial design at the 92nd European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) 2024 Congress. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We acquired licenses to <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-001</FONT>
(tipelukast) for the development of these product candidates. We have pursued development of these product candidates in various indications including prevention of ARDS, progressive MS, ALS, CIPN, DCM, glioblastoma, various addictions, NASH, and
NAFLD. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Standby Equity Purchase Agreement with YA </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">On July&nbsp;30, 2025, we entered into the Standby Equity Purchase Agreement with YA (the &#8220;Purchase Agreement&#8221;), pursuant to which
YA has committed to purchase up to $30.0&nbsp;million of Advance Shares (the &#8220;Commitment Amount&#8221;), at our direction from time to time, subject to the restrictions and satisfaction of the conditions in the Purchase Agreement, during the
period commencing on the date of execution of the Purchase Agreement until the earlier of: (i)&nbsp;the first day of the month following the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">36-month</FONT> anniversary of the date of execution of the Purchase
Agreement; or (ii)&nbsp;YA&#8217;s purchase of the total Commitment Amount under the Purchase Agreement (the &#8220;Commitment Period&#8221;). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This prospectus covers the resale of up to 25,000,000 shares of common stock which represent the Advance Shares that we have reserved for
issuance and sale to YA as Advance Shares under the Purchase Agreement from time to time during the Commitment Period, subject to the restrictions and satisfaction of the conditions in the Purchase Agreement, if and when we determine to sell
additional shares to YA under the Purchase Agreement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">YA has no right to require us to sell any shares to YA, but YA is obligated to make
purchases of the Advance Shares as directed by us, subject to the restrictions and satisfaction of conditions set forth in the Purchase Agreement upon receipt of a notice sent by us to YA setting forth the number of shares that we desire to issue
and sell to YA (an &#8220;Advance Notice&#8221;). Actual sales of the Advance Shares to YA from time to time will depend on a variety of factors, including, among others, market conditions, the trading price of our shares, and determinations by us
as to the appropriate sources of funding for us and our operations. The purchase price of the Advance Shares that we may direct YA to purchase from time to time under the Purchase Agreement will be equal to 97% of the lowest of the three daily VWAPs
during the three consecutive trading day period commencing on the date that we deliver any Advance Notice to YA (the &#8220;Pricing Period&#8221;).</P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">6 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">As of August&nbsp;11, 2025, there were 49,046,246 shares of common stock outstanding, of
which 47,631,317 shares were held by <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-affiliates.</FONT> If all of the 25,000,000 shares of common stock offered by YA under this prospectus were issued and outstanding, such shares would represent approximately
51.0% of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding and approximately 52.5% of the total number of outstanding shares of common stock held by <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-affiliates,</FONT> in each case as of August&nbsp;11,
2025. The Purchase Agreement provides that we may sell up to an aggregate of $30.0&nbsp;million of shares of common stock to YA. We have filed the registration statement that includes this prospectus so that we may issue and sell to YA up to
25,000,000 shares of common stock from time to time during the Commitment Period, subject to the restrictions and satisfaction of the conditions in the Purchase Agreement, through sales under the Purchase Agreement. Depending on the market prices of
our shares at the time we elect to sell such shares to YA under the Purchase Agreement, we may need to sell more shares to YA than are offered under this prospectus to receive aggregate gross proceeds equal to the $30.0&nbsp;million total commitment
of YA under the Purchase Agreement, in which case we must first register for resale under the Securities Act additional shares, which could cause additional substantial dilution to our stockholders. The number of shares ultimately offered for resale
by YA is dependent upon the number of shares we issue and sell to YA under the Purchase Agreement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The net proceeds under the Purchase
Agreement to us will depend on the frequency and prices at which we sell our shares, our ability to meet the conditions set forth in the Purchase Agreement and any impacts of the Ownership Limitation (as defined below). We expect that any proceeds
received by us from such sales of shares under the Purchase Agreement will be used to continue development of our pipeline products, as well as the advancement of new programs, business development activities, and general corporate purposes. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">There are no restrictions on future financings, rights of first refusal, participation rights, penalties or liquidated damages in the Purchase
Agreement. In addition, YA has agreed that, during the term of the Purchase Agreement, neither YA nor its affiliates will engage in any short sales or hedging transactions with respect to our shares of common stock, provided YA or its affiliates
may: (i)&nbsp;sell &#8220;long&#8221;, as such term is defined in Rule 200 of Regulation SHO of the Exchange Act, any Advance Shares issued and sold by us to YA pursuant to an Advance Notice; and (ii)&nbsp;sell a number of shares equal to the number
of Advance Shares that YA is unconditionally obligated to purchase under a pending Advance Notice but has not yet received from us or our transfer agent pursuant to the Purchase Agreement - (i) and (ii)&nbsp;collectively, the &#8220;Permitted
Sales&#8221;. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Purchase Agreement prohibits us from directing YA to purchase shares if those shares, when aggregated with all other
shares of our shares then beneficially owned by YA and its affiliates, would result in YA and its affiliates having beneficial ownership, at any single point in time, of more than 9.99% of the then total outstanding shares of common stock, as
calculated pursuant to Section&nbsp;13(d) of the Exchange Act, and Rule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">13d-3</FONT> thereunder, which limitation we refer to as the &#8220;Ownership Limitation&#8221;. In addition, the aggregate number of shares of
common stock that we can issue to YA under the Purchase Agreement may in no case exceed 9,804,345 shares (subject to adjustment) of common stock (which is equal to approximately 19.99% of the shares of common stock outstanding immediately prior to
the execution of the Purchase Agreement) (the &#8220;Exchange Cap&#8221;), unless: (i)&nbsp;company stockholder approval is obtained to issue Purchase Shares above the Exchange Cap, in which case the Exchange Cap will no longer apply; or
(ii)&nbsp;the average price of all applicable sales of Common Stock to YA under the Purchase Agreement equals or exceeds $1.33 per share of common stock (which represents the lower of: (A)&nbsp;the Nasdaq official closing price of the common stock
on the trading day immediately preceding the date of the Purchase Agreement; or (B)&nbsp;the average Nasdaq official closing price of the common stock for the five consecutive trading days ending on the trading day immediately preceding the date of
the Purchase Agreement). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Purchase Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, conditions, and indemnification
obligations of the parties. The representations, warranties, and covenants were made only for purposes of such agreements and as of specific dates, were solely for the benefit of the parties to such agreements and may be subject to limitations
agreed upon by the contracting parties. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">7 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Purchase Agreement will automatically terminate upon the earliest of: (i)&nbsp;the first
day of the month following the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">36-month</FONT> anniversary of the date of execution of the Purchase Agreement; and (ii)&nbsp;YA&#8217;s purchase of the total Commitment Amount under the Purchase Agreement. We have
the right to terminate the Purchase Agreement at any time, at no cost or penalty, upon five trading days&#8217; prior written notice to YA, provided that (i)&nbsp;there are no outstanding Advance Notices, the Advance Shares under which have yet to
be issued, and (ii)&nbsp;we have paid all amounts owed to YA pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">There are substantial risks to our
stockholders as a result of the sale and issuance of shares of common stock to YA under the Purchase Agreement. These risks include substantial dilution, significant declines in our share price and our inability to draw sufficient funds when needed.
See &#8220;<I>Risk Factors</I>&#8221; for more information. Issuances of our shares under the Purchase Agreement will not affect the rights or privileges of our existing stockholders, except that the economic and voting interests of each of our
existing stockholders will be diluted as a result of any such issuance. Although the number of shares of common stock that our existing stockholders own will not decrease, the shares owned by our existing stockholders will represent a smaller
percentage of our total outstanding shares after any such issuances pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Implications of Being a Smaller Reporting
Company </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We are a &#8220;smaller reporting company,&#8221; as defined in Rule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">12b-2</FONT> of the Exchange Act meaning
that the market value of our shares held by <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-affiliates</FONT> is less than $700&nbsp;million and our annual revenue was less than $100&nbsp;million during the most recently completed fiscal year. We may continue
to be a smaller reporting company if either (i)&nbsp;the market value of our shares held by <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-affiliates</FONT> is less than $250&nbsp;million or (ii)&nbsp;our annual revenue was less than $100&nbsp;million during
the most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of our shares held by <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-affiliates</FONT> is less than $700&nbsp;million. As a smaller reporting company, we may continue to rely on exemptions from
certain disclosure requirements that are available to smaller reporting companies. Specifically, as a smaller reporting company, we may choose to present only the two most recent fiscal years of audited financial statements in our Annual Report on
Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> and, similar to emerging growth companies, smaller reporting companies have reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation. Additionally, as a smaller reporting company, we may
continue to take advantage of the exception from compliance with the auditor attestation requirements of Section&nbsp;404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended. If investors consider our common stock less attractive as a result of our
election to use the scaled-back disclosure permitted for smaller reporting companies, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our share price may be more volatile.<B>&nbsp;</B> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Company Information </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Our principal
executive offices are located at 4275 Executive Square, Suite 300, La Jolla, CA 92037. Our telephone number is <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">858-373-1500.</FONT></FONT> Our website is www.medicinova.com. The
information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is neither a part of, nor incorporated into, this Registration Statement. We have included our website address in this Registration Statement solely as an inactive textual
reference. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">8 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="tx163359_3"></A>THE OFFERING </B></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD WIDTH="38%"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; margin-left:2%; text-indent:-2%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Shares of Common Stock Outstanding Prior to this Offering</B> </P></TD>
<TD>49,046,246 shares of common stock (as of August&nbsp;11, 2025). </TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD WIDTH="38%"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; margin-left:2%; text-indent:-2%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Shares of Common Stock Offered by the Selling Stockholder</B> </P></TD>
<TD>25,000,000 shares of common stock, which represent the Advance Shares that we may sell to YA under the Purchase Agreement from time to time. </TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD WIDTH="38%"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; margin-left:2%; text-indent:-2%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Shares of Common Stock Outstanding Immediately After this Offering</B> </P></TD>
<TD>74,046,246 shares of common stock, assuming the issuance of the Advance Shares. The actual number of shares of common stock will vary depending upon the number of shares of common stock we sell under the Purchase Agreement. </TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD WIDTH="38%"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; margin-left:2%; text-indent:-2%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Use of proceeds</B> </P></TD>
<TD>We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the YA Shares included in this prospectus by the selling stockholder. We may receive up to $30.0&nbsp;million aggregate gross proceeds under the Purchase Agreement from sales of shares of our
common stock that we elect to make to YA as Advance Shares pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, if any, from time to time in our sole discretion, although the actual amount of proceeds that we may receive cannot be determined at this time and will
depend on the number of shares we sell under the Purchase Agreement and market prices at the times of such sales. Any proceeds that we receive from sales of shares under the Purchase Agreement will be used to fund our research and development
activities and for working capital and general corporate purposes. See &#8220;Use of Proceeds&#8221; for more information. </TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD WIDTH="38%"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; margin-left:2%; text-indent:-2%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Risk factors</B> </P></TD>
<TD>Investing in our Securities involves a high degree of risk. You should read the &#8220;Risk Factors&#8221; section starting on page 13 of this prospectus for a discussion of factors to consider carefully before deciding to invest in our
Securities. </TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD WIDTH="38%"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; margin-left:2%; text-indent:-2%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Nasdaq Capital Market symbol</B> </P></TD>
<TD>MNOV </TD></TR></TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">9 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="tx163359_4"></A>SUMMARY RISK FACTORS </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>An investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. Before you decide to invest in our common stock, you should carefully
consider the following risks and uncertainties as well as the risks set forth under the section titled &#8220;Risk Factors&#8221; in our Annual Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> for the year ended December&nbsp;31, 2024
(the &#8220;Annual Report&#8221;), and in our Quarterly Reports on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q</FONT> for the three months ended March&nbsp;31, 2025 and June&nbsp;30, 2025, (the &#8220;Quarterly Reports&#8221;), each of which is
incorporated by reference herein. You should also refer to the other information contained in this prospectus, and the documents incorporated by reference herein, including our financial statements and related notes and the section titled
&#8220;Management&#8217;s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations&#8221; included in our Annual Report and in our Quarterly Reports. The occurrence of one or more of the events or circumstances described in such risk
factors, alone or in combination with other events or circumstances, may have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, revenue, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects, in which event you could lose all or part
of your investment. The risks and uncertainties described and incorporated by reference herein are not intended to be exhaustive and are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently
deem immaterial may also impair our business operations. This prospectus also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. See &#8220;Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements&#8221; for more information. Our
actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements.</I></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>Risks Related to the Offering:
</I></P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">it is not possible to predict the actual number of shares we will sell under the Purchase Agreement to the
selling stockholder, or the actual gross proceeds resulting from those sales; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">investors who buy shares at different times will likely pay different prices; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">we may require additional financing to sustain our operations and without it we will not be able to continue
operations; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the sale of a substantial amount of shares of our common stock, including resale of the shares held by the
selling stockholder in the public market, could adversely affect the prevailing market price of shares of our common stock; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">future sales and issuances of shares of our common stock or other securities might result in significant dilution
and could cause the price of shares of our common stock to decline; and </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
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<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">management will have broad discretion as to the use of the net proceeds from the Purchase Agreement.
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry: </I></P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the significant operating losses we have incurred and expect to incur for the foreseeable future;
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">our ability to obtain the capital necessary to fund our operations; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">we do not have any products that are approved for commercial sale and do not expect to generate any revenues from
product sales for the foreseeable future, if ever; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">our dependence on the success of our <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) and <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-001</FONT> (tipelukast) product candidates and uncertainty that these product candidates will receive regulatory approval or be successfully commercialized; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the complexity and uncertainty relating to progressing product candidates through the various stages of clinical
trials and obtaining regulatory approval; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
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<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">our attempts to develop <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-001</FONT> (tipelukast) in NASH and NAFLD may detract
from our efforts to develop other product candidates; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">10 </P>

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<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the complexity, high cost, and uncertainty of obtaining regulatory approval; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the stringent regulation of our product candidates; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">future development and regulatory difficulties even if we are successful in receiving regulatory approval of one
or more of our product candidates; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">undesirable side effects of any product candidate experienced during clinical trials could delay or prevent
regulatory approval or commercialization or limit a product candidate&#8217;s commercial potential; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">delays in the commencement or completion of clinical trials, or suspension or termination of our clinical trials;
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the loss of any rights to develop and market any of our product candidates; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the impact of health epidemics or any other public health crisis on our business and operations;
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">our dependence on strategic collaborations with third parties to develop and commercialize product candidates;
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">our reliance on third parties to conduct our clinical trials; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">our reliance on third party manufacturers to produce our product candidates; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">our, or our third party manufacturer&#8217;s, ability to manufacture our product candidates in commercial
quantities; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the commercial availability of materials necessary to manufacture our product candidates; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the acceptance among physicians, patients and the medical community of our product candidates;
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the ability of users of our products to obtain adequate coverage of and reimbursement for our products from
government and other third party payers; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">our ability to retain, motivate and attract key personnel; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">our ability to establish sales, marketing, and distribution capabilities; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">healthcare reform measures and their potentially adverse affect on our business; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the impact of any product liability lawsuits against us; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the impact of fluctuations in our results of operations; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the cost of operating, and management&#8217;s attention required to operate, as a public company;
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">information technology systems failures, network disruptions, breaches in data security, and computer crime and
cyber-attacks; and </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the complexity of operating our business and marketing our products internationally. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property</I>: </P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">our dependence on the adequate protection of our proprietary rights; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the potential disclosure of our trade secrets and other proprietary information; and </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the costs and uncertainties of any dispute concerning the infringement or misappropriation of our proprietary
rights or the proprietary rights of others, including trade secrets. </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>Risks Related to the Securities Markets and Investments in Our
Common Stock: </I></P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">volatility in our stock price; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">11 </P>

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<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always"> </p>
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<h5 align="left" style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold"><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></h5>


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">

<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the potential delisting of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market or the Standard Market of the Tokyo Stock
Exchange; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the possibility of substantial dilution to our existing stockholders and/or the decline in price of our common
stock if we were to sell additional shares of our common stock, including under our existing <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">at-the-market</FONT></FONT> issuance sales agreement; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the cost of and management distraction if we were to face securities class action litigation; and
</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">12 </P>

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<h5 align="left" style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold"><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></h5>


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="tx163359_5"></A>RISK FACTORS </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Risks Related to the Offering </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B><I>It is not possible
to predict the actual number of shares we will sell under the Purchase Agreement to the selling stockholder, or the actual gross proceeds resulting from those sales. </I></B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">On July&nbsp;30, 2025, we entered into the Purchase Agreement with YA, pursuant to which YA has committed to purchase up to $30.0&nbsp;million
in shares of our common stock, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the Purchase Agreement. The shares of common stock that may be issued and sold under the Purchase Agreement may be sold by us to YA at our discretion from time
to time during the Commitment Period. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We generally have the right to control the timing and amount of any sales of the shares of our
common stock to YA under the Purchase Agreement. Sales of shares of our common stock, if any, to YA under the Purchase Agreement will depend upon market conditions and other factors. We may ultimately decide to sell to YA all, some or none of the
shares of our common stock that may be available for us to sell to YA pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Because the purchase price per
share to be paid by YA for the shares of our common stock that we may elect to sell to YA under the Purchase Agreement, if any, will fluctuate based on the market prices of the shares of our common stock during the applicable Pricing Period for each
purchase made pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, if any, it is not possible for us to predict, as of the date of this prospectus and prior to any such sales, the number of shares of our common stock that we will sell to YA under the Purchase
Agreement, the purchase price per share that YA will pay for shares purchased from us under the Purchase Agreement, or the aggregate gross proceeds that we will receive from those purchases by YA under the Purchase Agreement, if any. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Limitations in the Purchase Agreement, including the Ownership Limitation, and our ability to meet the conditions necessary to deliver an
Advance Notice, could prevent us from being able to raise funds up to the Commitment Amount. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Moreover, although the Purchase Agreement
provides that we may sell up to an aggregate of $30.0&nbsp;million in shares of our common stock to YA, only 25,000,000 shares of our common stock are being registered for resale by YA under the registration statement that includes this prospectus,
which represent the Advance Shares that we may elect to sell to YA, in our sole discretion, from time to time during the Commitment Period, subject to the restrictions and satisfaction of the conditions in the Purchase Agreement, through sales under
the Purchase Agreement. Even if we elect to sell to YA all of the shares being registered for resale under this prospectus, depending on the market prices of shares of our common stock at the time of such sales, the actual gross proceeds from the
sale of all such shares may be less than the $30.0&nbsp;million Commitment Amount under the Purchase Agreement, which could materially adversely affect our liquidity. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If we desire to issue and sell to YA under the Purchase Agreement more than the number of shares of our common stock in excess of the YA
Shares being registered for resale under this prospectus, and the Ownership Limitation and other limitations in the Purchase Agreement would allow us to do so, we would need to file with the SEC, one or more additional registration statements, to
register under the Securities Act the resale by YA of any such additional shares of our common stock, and the SEC would have to declare such registration statement or statements effective before we could sell additional shares of our common stock.
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Any issuance and sale by us under the Purchase Agreement of a substantial amount of shares of our common stock in addition to the shares
of our common stock being registered for resale by YA under this prospectus could cause additional substantial dilution to our stockholders. The number of shares of our common stock ultimately offered for sale by YA is dependent upon the shares of
our common stock, if any, we ultimately sell to YA under the Purchase Agreement. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">13 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The resale by YA of a significant amount of shares registered for resale in this offering at
any given time, or the perception that these sales may occur, could cause the market price of shares of our common stock to decline and to be highly volatile. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B><I>Investors who buy shares at different times will likely pay different prices. </I></B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If and when we do elect to sell shares of our common stock to YA pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, YA may resell all, some or none of such
shares at any time or from time to time in its discretion and at different prices. As a result, investors who purchase shares from YA in this offering at different times will likely pay different prices for those shares and may experience different
levels of dilution, and in some cases substantial dilution and different outcomes, in their investment results. Investors may experience a decline in the value of the shares they purchase from YA in this offering as a result of future sales made by
us to YA at prices lower than the prices such investors paid for their shares in this offering. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B><I>We may require additional financing to sustain our
operations and without it we will not be able to continue operations. </I></B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The extent to which we rely on YA as a source of funding
will depend on a number of factors, including the prevailing market price of shares of our common stock, our ability to meet the conditions necessary to deliver Advance Notices under the Purchase Agreement, the impacts of the Ownership Limitation,
and the extent to which we are able to secure funding from other sources. Regardless of the amount of funds we ultimately raise under the Purchase Agreement, if any, we expect to continue to seek other sources of funding. Even if we were to sell to
YA the total Commitment Amount under the Purchase Agreement, we expect that we will need additional capital to fully implement our business plan. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B><I>The sale of a substantial number of shares of our common stock, including resale of the shares held by the selling stockholder in the public market,
could adversely affect the prevailing market price of shares of our common stock. </I></B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We are registering for resale 25,000,000 shares
of our common stock. Sales of a substantial amount of shares of our common stock into the public market, or the perception that such sales might occur, could adversely affect the market price of shares of our common stock. We cannot predict if and
when the selling stockholder may sell such shares in the public markets. Furthermore, in the future, we may issue additional shares of our common stock or other equity or debt securities convertible into shares of our common stock. Any such issuance
could result in substantial dilution to our existing stockholders and could cause our share price to decline. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B><I>Future sales and issuances of shares
of our common stock or other securities might result in significant dilution and could cause the price of shares of our common stock to decline. </I></B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">To raise capital, we may sell shares of our common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in one or more transactions other
than those contemplated by the Purchase Agreement, at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. We may sell shares or other securities in any other offering at a price per share that is less than the price per share paid by investors in
this offering, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing stockholders. The price per share at which we sell additional shares of our common stock, or securities convertible or
exchangeable into shares of our common stock, in future transactions may be higher or lower than the price per share paid by investors in this offering. Any sales of additional shares will dilute our stockholders. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market or the perception that these sales might occur could depress
the market price of shares of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We are unable to predict the effect that sales may have on the prevailing market price of shares of our
common stock. In addition, the sale of substantial numbers of shares of our common stock could adversely impact each share&#8217;s price. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">14 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B><I>Management will have broad discretion as to the use of the net proceeds from the Purchase Agreement.
</I></B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Our management will have broad discretion in the allocation of the net proceeds and could use them for purposes other than those
contemplated at the time of this offering. Accordingly, you will be relying on the judgment of our management with regard to the use of those net proceeds, and you will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether
the proceeds are being used appropriately. It is possible that, pending their use, we may invest those net proceeds in a way that does not yield a favorable, or any, return for us. The failure of our management to use such funds effectively could
have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">15 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="tx163359_6"></A>SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that can involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical
facts contained in this prospectus, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy, prospective products, product approvals, research and development costs, future revenue, timing and
likelihood of success, plans and objectives of management for future operations, future results of anticipated products and prospects, plans and objectives of management are forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown
risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The words &#8220;anticipate,&#8221; &#8220;believe,&#8221; contemplate,&#8221; &#8220;continue,&#8221; &#8220;could,&#8221; &#8220;estimate,&#8221;
&#8220;expect,&#8221; &#8220;intend,&#8221; &#8220;may,&#8221; &#8220;might,&#8221; &#8220;plan,&#8221; &#8220;potential,&#8221; &#8220;predict,&#8221; &#8220;project,&#8221; &#8220;should,&#8221; &#8220;target,&#8221; &#8220;will,&#8221; or
&#8220;would,&#8221; or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Factors that may cause actual results to differ from expected results, include, among others: </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">Inability to raise additional capital if needed; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">Inability to generate revenues from product sales to continue business operations; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">Inability to develop and commercialize our product candidates; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">Failure or delay in completing clinical trials or obtaining FDA or foreign regulatory approval for our product
candidates in a timely manner; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">Unsuccessful clinical trials stemming from clinical trial designs, failure to enroll a sufficient number of
patients, undesirable side effects, or other safety concerns; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">Inability to demonstrate sufficient efficacy of product candidates; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">Reliance on the success of our <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-166</FONT> (ibudilast) and <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">MN-001</FONT> (tipelukast) product candidates; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">Delays in commencement or completion of clinical trials or suspension or termination of clinical trials;
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">Loss of our licensed rights to develop and commercialize a product candidate as a result of the termination of
the underlying licensing agreement; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">Competitors may develop products rendering our product candidates obsolete and noncompetitive;
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">Inability to successfully attract partners and enter into collaborations on acceptable terms;
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">Dependence on third parties to conduct clinical trials and to manufacture product candidates;
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">Dependence on third parties to market and distribute products; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">Our product candidates, if approved, may not gain market acceptance or obtain adequate coverage for third party
reimbursement; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">Disputes or other developments concerning our intellectual property rights; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">Actual and anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly or annual operating results; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">Price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock markets; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">The impact of health epidemics on our business and operations; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">Litigation or public concern about the safety of our potential products; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">International trade or foreign exchange restrictions, increased tariffs and foreign currency exchange;
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">High quality material for our products may become difficult to obtain or expensive; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">16 </P>

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<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">Strict government regulations on our business; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">Regulations governing the production or marketing of our product candidates; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">Loss of, or inability to attract, key personnel; and </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">Economic, political, foreign exchange, and other risks associated with international operations.
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about our business, the industry in
which we operate and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, and these forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance or development. These
forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this prospectus and are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions described in the section titled &#8220;<I>Risk Factors</I>&#8221; and elsewhere in this prospectus. Because
forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified, you should not rely on these forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances
reflected in our forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or
revise any forward-looking statements contained herein until after we distribute this prospectus, whether as a result of any new information, future events or otherwise. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In addition, statements that &#8220;we believe&#8221; and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are
based upon information available to us as of the date of this prospectus, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to
indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and you are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">17 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="tx163359_7"></A>USE OF PROCEEDS </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This prospectus relates to the shares of common stock that may be offered and sold from time to time by YA. All of our shares offered by the
selling stockholder pursuant to this prospectus will be sold by the selling stockholder for its own account. We will not receive any of the proceeds from these sales. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We may receive up to $30.0&nbsp;million aggregate gross proceeds under the Purchase Agreement from any sales of shares of our common stock we
make to YA pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. However, we are unable to estimate the actual amount of proceeds that we may receive, as it will depend on the number of shares that we choose to sell, our ability to meet the conditions to purchase set
forth in the Purchase Agreement, market conditions and the price of our shares, among other factors. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We currently intend to use the net
proceeds of sales of shares under the Purchase Agreement, if any, to fund our research and development activities and for working capital and general corporate purposes. Although we have identified some potential uses of the net proceeds to be
received upon sales of shares under the Purchase Agreement, we cannot specify these uses with certainty. Our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds and could use them for purposes other than those contemplated
as of the date of this prospectus. Our stockholders may not agree with the manner in which our management chooses to allocate and spend the net proceeds. Moreover, our management may use the net proceeds for corporate purposes that may not result in
our being profitable or increase our market value. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Our expected use of net proceeds under the Purchase Agreement represents our current
intentions based on our present plans and business condition, which could change in the future as our plans and business conditions evolve. As of the date of this prospectus, we cannot predict with certainty any or all of the particular uses for the
net proceeds to be received under the Purchase Agreement, or the amounts, if any, that we will actually spend on the uses set forth above. The amounts and timing of our actual use of the net proceeds may vary depending on numerous factors, including
our ability to obtain additional financing and changes we may make to our development plan. As a result, our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds, which may include uses not set forth above, and investors will
be relying on our judgment regarding the application of the net proceeds from this offering. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Pending the use of the net proceeds from
this offering as described above, we intend to invest our net proceeds in short-term, interest-bearing bank deposits or debt instruments. It is possible that, pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds in a way that does not yield a
favorable, or any, return for us. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">18 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="tx163359_8"></A>DIVIDEND POLICY </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and future earnings, if
any, for use in our business and therefore do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Payment of future dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors after taking into account various factors,
including our financial condition, operating results, current and anticipated cash needs and other factors our board of directors deems relevant. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">19 </P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="tx163359_9"></A>CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PERSON TRANSACTIONS </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Procedures for Related Party Transactions </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Our Audit Committee is charged with the responsibility of reviewing potential conflicts of interest, and reviewing and approving all related
party transactions, including those required to be disclosed as a &#8220;related party&#8221; transaction under applicable federal securities laws. Our Audit Committee has not adopted any specific procedures for conducting such reviews and instead
considers each transaction in light of the specific facts and circumstances presented. This allows our Audit Committee to oversee compliance, monitor transaction developments, and ensure timely updates and reporting. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Related Party Transactions </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Since
January&nbsp;1, 2023, we were involved in the following transactions in which we were or are a party involving an amount greater than the lesser of $120,000 or 1% of the average of our total assets for the last two completed fiscal years and in
which any director, executive officer, holder of more than 5% of our common stock, or any member of the immediate family or person sharing the household with any of these individuals (other than tenants or employees), had or will have a direct or
indirect material interest: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our executive officers and directors. In
addition, our executive officers and directors are indemnified under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (&#8220;DGCL&#8221;) and our amended and restated bylaws to the fullest extent permitted under Delaware law. We also have a
directors&#8217; and officers&#8217; liability insurance policy that insures our directors and officers against the cost of defense, settlement or payment of a judgment under certain circumstances. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">20 </P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="tx163359_10"></A>SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT
</B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The following table sets forth certain information as of August&nbsp;11, 2025 as to shares of common stock beneficially owned by:
(i)&nbsp;each person who is known by us to own beneficially more than 5% of the common stock; (ii)&nbsp;each of our directors; (iii)&nbsp;each of our named executive officers; and (iv)&nbsp;all of our current directors and executive officers as a
group.</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and generally includes voting or investment power with
respect to securities. The table below is based upon information supplied by officers, directors, and principal stockholders, information obtained from our records, and Schedules 13G and 13D filed with the SEC.</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The percentage of common stock beneficially owned is based on 49,046,246 shares outstanding as of August&nbsp;11, 2025. In addition, shares of
common stock issuable pursuant to the exercise of stock options and warrants which may be exercised within 60 days of August&nbsp;11, 2025 are deemed to be issued and outstanding and have been treated as outstanding in calculating the percentage
ownership of those individuals possessing such interest, as applicable, but they are not treated as outstanding in calculating the percentage ownership for any individual other than the holder thereof. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:24pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Beneficial Ownership Table </B></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" ALIGN="center">


<TR>

<TD WIDTH="64%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="12%"></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="12%"></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom" NOWRAP> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000; display:table-cell; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><B>Name and Address of Beneficial Owner (1)</B></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="2" ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000"><B>Number&nbsp;of&nbsp;Shares&nbsp;of</B><br><B>Common Stock</B><br><B>Beneficially Owned</B></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="2" ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000"><B>Percentage&nbsp;of&nbsp;Common</B><br><B>Stock&nbsp;Beneficially&nbsp;Owned</B></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>


<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>5% Stockholders</B>:</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">3D Investment Partners Pte. Ltd.(2)</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">5,502,047</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">11.2</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">%&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Directors and Named Executive Officers:</B></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Yuichi Iwaki, M.D., Ph.D.(3)</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">4,565,389</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">8.7</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">%&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Hideki Nagao(4)</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">192,250</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">*</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Kazuko Matsuda, M.D., Ph.D., MPH(5)</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">2,594,702</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">5.1</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">%&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Carolyn Beaver(6)</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">112,250</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">*</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Nicole Lemerond(7)</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">55,583</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">*</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">David Crean, Ph.D.(8)</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">30,000</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">*</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">All directors and executive officers as a group (6 persons)(9)</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">7,550,174</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">13.7</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">%&nbsp;</TD></TR>
</TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV STYLE="line-height:8.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;width:11%">&nbsp;</DIV>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">*</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">Amount represents less than 1% of the outstanding shares of our Common Stock. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(1)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">Unless otherwise noted, the address of each beneficial owner listed in the table is c/o MediciNova, Inc., 4275
Executive Square, Suite 300, La Jolla, California 92037. Except as indicated by footnote, and subject to community property laws where applicable, the beneficial owner has sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of Common Stock
shown as beneficially owned by them. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(2)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">Based on a Schedule 13D/A filed with the SEC on July&nbsp;12, 2022 by 3D Investment Partners Pte. Ltd.
(&#8220;3DIP&#8221;) and 3DOM. The shares are held directly by 3DOMF. 3DIP serves as investment manager to 3DOMF and accordingly, 3DOMF has delegated to 3DIP all voting and investment power over the shares such that 3DIP and 3DOMF may each be deemed
to have voting and investment power with respect to the securities. The principal business address for the stockholders is 250 North Bridge Road, <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">#13-01</FONT> Raffles City Tower, Singapore 179101.
</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(3)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">Includes 1,091,933 shares of Common Stock held directly by Dr.&nbsp;Iwaki and 3,473,456 shares issuable
pursuant to options held by Dr.&nbsp;Iwaki exercisable within 60 days of August&nbsp;11, 2025. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(4)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">Includes 192,250 shares of Common Stock issuable pursuant to options held directly by Mr.&nbsp;Nagao
exercisable within 60 days August&nbsp;11, 2025. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(5)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">Includes 322,996 shares of Common Stock held directly by Dr.&nbsp;Matsuda and 2,271,706 shares of Common Stock
issuable pursuant to options held directly by Dr.&nbsp;Matsuda exercisable within 60 days of August&nbsp;11, 2025. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">21 </P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">

<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(6)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">Includes 112,250 shares of Common Stock issuable pursuant to options held directly by Ms.&nbsp;Beaver
exercisable within 60 days of August&nbsp;11, 2025. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(7)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">Includes 55,583 shares of Common Stock issuable pursuant to options held directly by Ms.&nbsp;Lemerond
exercisable within 60 days of August&nbsp;11, 2025. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(8)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">Includes 30,000 shares of Common Stock issuable pursuant to options held directly by Dr.&nbsp;Crean exercisable
within 60 days of August&nbsp;11, 2025. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(9)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">Includes 1,414,929 shares of Common Stock held by the current directors and executive officers as a group and
6,135,245 shares issuable pursuant to options held by the current directors and executive officers as a group exercisable within 60 days of August&nbsp;11, 2025. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">22 </P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="tx163359_11"></A>SELLING STOCKHOLDER </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This prospectus relates to the possible resale from time to time by YA of any or all of the shares of common stock that are to be issued and
sold by us to YA under the Purchase Agreement. For additional information regarding the issuance of shares of common stock covered by this prospectus, see the section titled &#8220;<I>Standby Equity Purchase Agreement with YA</I>&#8221; above.
Except for the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement, YA does not, and has not had, any material relationship with us. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The
table below presents information regarding the selling stockholder and the shares of common stock that it may offer from time to time under this prospectus. This table is prepared based on information supplied to us by the selling stockholder. The
number of shares in the column &#8220;Maximum Number of Shares to be Offered Pursuant to this Prospectus&#8221; represents all of the shares of common stock that the selling stockholder may offer under this prospectus. The selling stockholder may
sell some, all or none of its shares in this offering. We do not know how long the selling stockholder will hold the shares before selling them, and we currently have no agreements, arrangements or understandings with the selling stockholder
regarding the sale of any of the shares. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The beneficial ownership of our shares of common stock is determined in accordance with the
rules of the SEC. See &#8220;<I>Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management</I>&#8221; for additional information. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The
percentage of shares of common stock beneficially owned by the selling stockholder prior to the offering shown in the table below is based on an aggregate of 49,046,246 shares of our common stock outstanding as of August&nbsp;11, 2025. The number of
shares that may actually be sold by us under the Purchase Agreement may be fewer than the number of shares being offered by this prospectus. The fourth column assumes the sale of all of the shares offered by the selling stockholder pursuant to this
prospectus. </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt" ALIGN="center">


<TR>

<TD WIDTH="47%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="7%"></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="7%"></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="7%"></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="7%"></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="7%"></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ROWSPAN="2" NOWRAP> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000; display:table-cell; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><B>Name of Selling Stockholder</B></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="6" ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000"><B>Number of Shares</B><br><B>Owned Prior to<BR>Offering</B></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ROWSPAN="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="2" ROWSPAN="2" ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000"><B>Maximum&nbsp;Number&nbsp;of&nbsp;Shares&nbsp;to&nbsp;be</B><br><B>Offered Pursuant to</B><br><B>this Prospectus<SUP
STYLE="font-size:75%; vertical-align:top">(1)</SUP></B></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ROWSPAN="2">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="6" ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000"><B>Number of Shares</B><br><B>Owned After<BR>Offering</B></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="2" ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000"><B>Number</B></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="2" ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000"><B>Percent</B></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="2" ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000"><B>Number<SUP STYLE="font-size:75%; vertical-align:top">(2)</SUP></B></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="2" ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000"><B>Percent</B></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>


<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">YA II PN, LTD.<SUP STYLE="font-size:75%; vertical-align:top">(3)</SUP></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">0</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">*</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">25,000,000</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">&#8212;&#8194;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">&#8212;&#8194;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
</TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">*</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">Represents ownership of less than 1%. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(1)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">Although the Purchase Agreement provides that we may sell up to $30.0&nbsp;million of our shares of common
stock to YA, we are only registering 25,000,000 shares for resale under this prospectus, which represent shares that we may issue and sell to YA for cash consideration in purchases under the Purchase Agreement from time to time, at our sole
discretion, during the Commitment Period. Depending on the price per share at which we sell the Advance Shares to YA pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, we may need to sell to YA under the Purchase Agreement more shares than are offered under this
prospectus in order to receive aggregate gross proceeds equal to the $30.0&nbsp;million Commitment Amount under the Purchase Agreement. If we choose to do so and otherwise satisfy the conditions in the Purchase Agreement, we must first register for
resale under the Securities Act such additional shares of common stock. The number of shares ultimately offered for resale by YA is dependent upon the number of shares of common stock we sell to YA under the Purchase Agreement.
</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(2)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">Assumes the sale of all shares being offered pursuant to this prospectus. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(3)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">YA is a fund managed by Yorkville Advisors Global, LP or Yorkville LP. Yorkville Advisors Global II, LLC (or
&#8220;Yorkville LLC&#8221;) is the General Partner of Yorkville LP. All investment decisions for YA are made by Yorkville LLC&#8217;s President and Managing Member, Mr.&nbsp;Mark Angelo. The business address of YA is 1012 Springfield Avenue,
Mountainside, New Jersey 07092. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">23 </P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="tx163359_12"></A>DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The following information describes our common stock and preferred stock, as well as certain provisions of our restated certificate of
incorporation and amended and restated bylaws. This description is only a summary. You should also refer to our restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, which have been filed with the SEC as exhibits to our registration
statement, of which this prospectus forms a part. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>General </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Our authorized capital stock consists of 100,000,000 shares of common stock, with a $0.001 par value per share, and 3,000,000 shares of
preferred stock, with a $0.01 par value per share, all of which shares of preferred stock are undesignated. Our board of directors may establish the rights and preferences of the preferred stock from time to time. As of August&nbsp;11, 2025, there
were 49,046,246 shares of common stock issued and outstanding, held of record by eleven (11)&nbsp;stockholders, although we believe that there may be a significantly larger number of beneficial owners of our common stock. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Common Stock </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The holders of common stock
are entitled to one vote per share on all matters to be voted upon by the stockholders. The holders of common stock are entitled to receive ratably such dividends, if any, as may be declared from time to time by the board of directors out of funds
legally available, subject to preferences that may be applicable to preferred stock, if any, then outstanding. In the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company, the holders of common stock are entitled to share ratably in all
assets remaining after payment of liabilities, subject to prior distribution rights of preferred stock, if any, then outstanding. The common stock has no preemptive or conversion rights or other subscription rights. There are no redemption or
sinking fund provisions applicable to the common stock. All outstanding shares of common stock are fully paid <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">and&nbsp;non-assessable.</FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The rights, preferences and privileges of the holders of our common stock are subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of the
holders of shares of any series of preferred stock that we may designate and issue in the future. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Our common stock is listed on the
Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol &#8220;MNOV&#8221; and on the Standard Market of the Tokyo Stock Exchange under the code &#8220;4875.&#8221;&nbsp;The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is American Stock Transfer&nbsp;&amp; Trust
Company, LLC. Its address is 6201 15th Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11219, and its telephone number is <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">(800)&nbsp;937-5449.</FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Preferred Stock </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The following
description of preferred stock and the description of the terms of any particular series of preferred stock that we choose to issue hereunder and that will be set forth in the related prospectus supplement are not complete. These descriptions are
qualified in their entirety by reference to our restated certificate of incorporation and the certificate of designation relating to any series. The rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of the preferred stock of each series will be fixed
by the certificate of designation relating to that series. The prospectus supplement also will contain a description of certain United States federal income tax consequences relating to the purchase and ownership of the series of preferred stock
that is described in the prospectus supplement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Under the terms of our restated certificate of incorporation, our board of directors is
authorized to issue shares of preferred stock in one or more series without stockholder approval. Our board of directors has the discretion to determine the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions, including voting rights, dividend rights,
conversion rights, redemption privileges and liquidation preferences, of each series of preferred stock. There are no restrictions presently on the repurchase or redemption of any shares of our preferred stock. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">24 </P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The prospectus supplement for a series of preferred stock will specify: </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the maximum number of shares; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the designation of the shares; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the annual dividend rate, if any, whether the dividend rate is fixed or variable, the date or dates on which
dividends will accrue, the dividend payment dates, and whether dividends will be cumulative; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the price and the terms and conditions for redemption, if any, including redemption at our option or at the
option of the holders, including the time period for redemption, and any accumulated dividends or premiums; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the liquidation preference, if any, and any accumulated dividends upon the liquidation, dissolution or winding up
of our affairs; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">any sinking fund or similar provision, and, if so, the terms and provisions relating to the purpose and operation
of the fund; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the terms and conditions, if any, for conversion or exchange of shares of any other class or classes of our
capital stock or any series of any other class or classes, or of any other series of the same class, or any other securities or assets, including the price or the rate of conversion or exchange and the method, if any, of adjustment;
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the voting rights; and </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">any or all other preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights, privileges or
qualifications, limitations or restrictions. </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The issuance of preferred stock will affect, and may adversely affect, the
rights of holders of common stock. It is not possible to state the actual effect of the issuance of any shares of preferred stock on the rights of holders of common stock until the board of directors determines the specific rights attached to that
preferred stock. The effects of issuing preferred stock could include one or more of the following: </P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">restricting dividends on the common stock; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">diluting the voting power of the common stock; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">impairing the liquidation rights of the common stock; or </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">delaying or preventing changes in control or management of our company. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We have no present plans to issue any shares of preferred stock nor are any shares of our preferred stock presently outstanding. Preferred
stock will be fully paid and nonassessable upon issuance. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Effect of Certain Provisions of our Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Amended and
Restated Bylaws </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Provisions of our restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws could have the effect of
delaying, deferring or discouraging another party from acquiring control of us. These provisions, which are summarized below, may have the effect of discouraging takeover bids. These provisions are also designed, in part, to encourage persons
seeking to acquire control of us to first negotiate with our board of directors. We believe that the benefits of increased protection of our potential ability to negotiate with an unfriendly or unsolicited acquirer outweigh the disadvantages of
discouraging a proposal to acquire us because negotiation of these proposals could result in an improvement of their terms. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Undesignated Preferred Stock</B>.&nbsp;The authority of our board of directors to issue preferred stock could potentially be used to
discourage attempts by third parties to obtain control of our company through a merger, </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">25 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">
tender offer, proxy contest, or otherwise by making it more difficult or more costly to obtain control of our company. Our board of directors may issue preferred stock with voting rights or
conversion rights that, if exercised, could adversely affect the voting power of the holders of common stock. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Limits on Ability of
Stockholders to Call a Special Meeting</B>.&nbsp;Our restated certificate of incorporation, as amended, and our amended and restated bylaws generally provide that special meetings of our stockholders may be called only by the Chairman of the board
of directors, our Chief Executive Officer, or by resolution of the board of directors. Stockholders are not permitted to call a special meeting or require our board of directors to call a special meeting. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Limits on Stockholder Action by Written Consent</B>.&nbsp;Any action required or permitted to be taken by the stockholders must be taken at
a duly called annual or special meeting and not by written consent. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Classified Board of Directors</B>. Our board of directors is
divided into three classes, one class of which is elected each year by our stockholders. The directors in each class serve for a three-year term. A third party may be discouraged from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control
of us as it is more difficult and time consuming for stockholders to replace a majority of the directors on a classified board of directors. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Requirements for Advance Notification of Stockholder Nominations and Proposals</B>.&nbsp;Our amended and restated bylaws establish advance
notice procedures with respect to stockholder proposals and the nomination of candidates for election as directors, other than nominations made by or at the direction of our board of directors or a committee of our board of directors. However, our
amended and restated bylaws may have the effect of precluding the conduct of certain business at a meeting if the proper procedures are not followed. These provisions may also discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation
of proxies to elect the acquirer&#8217;s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our company. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>No
Cumulative Voting</B>.&nbsp;The DGCL provides that stockholders are not entitled to the right to cumulate votes in the election of directors unless our restated certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Our restated certificate of
incorporation and amended and restated bylaws do not expressly provide for cumulative voting. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Size of Board and Vacancies</B>. Our
restated certificate of incorporation provides that the number of directors on our board of directors is fixed exclusively by our board of directors. Newly created directorships resulting from any increase in our authorized number of directors or
any vacancies in the board of directors resulting from death, resignation or other cause (including removal from office by a vote of the stockholders) may be filled only by a majority vote of the directors based on the total number of designated
directors, though less than a quorum, or by the sole remaining director. The directors so chosen shall hold office for a term expiring at the next annual meeting of stockholders, and until their respective successors are elected, except in the case
of the death, incapacity, resignation or removal of any director. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Amendments of Governance Documents</B>.&nbsp;Our restated
certificate of incorporation provides that the affirmative vote of the holders of at <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">least&nbsp;sixty-six&nbsp;and&nbsp;two-thirds&nbsp;(66</FONT></FONT> 2/3%) of our voting stock
then outstanding is required to amend certain provisions relating to the number, term, election and removal of our directors, the filling of our board vacancies, the calling of special meetings of stockholders, and the indemnification of
directors.</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Limitations on Liability, Indemnification of Officers and Directors, and Insurance</B>. The DGCL authorizes corporations to
limit or eliminate the personal liability of directors to corporations and their stockholders for monetary damages for breaches of directors&#8217; fiduciary duties as directors, subject to certain exceptions, by provision of the corporation&#8217;s
certificate of incorporation. Our restated certificate of incorporation contains a provision eliminating the personal liability of our directors to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL. In addition, our restated certificate of incorporation
includes provisions that require us to indemnify, to the fullest extent allowable under the DGCL, our directors and officers for monetary damages for actions taken </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">26 </P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">
as our director or officer, or for serving at our request as a director or officer or another position at another corporation or enterprise, as the case may be. Our restated certificate of
incorporation also provides that we must advance reasonable expenses to our directors and officers, subject to our receipt of an undertaking from the indemnified party as may be required under the DGCL. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We are also expressly authorized by the DGCL to carry directors&#8217; and officers&#8217; insurance to protect us, our directors, officers
and certain employees for some liabilities. The limitation of liability and indemnification and advancements provisions in our restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, respectively, may discourage stockholders from
bringing a lawsuit against directors for breach of their fiduciary duties. These provisions may also have the effect of reducing the likelihood of derivative litigation against directors and officers, even though such an action, if successful, might
otherwise benefit us and our stockholders. However, the provision in our restated certificate of incorporation eliminating the personal liability of our directors to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL does not limit or eliminate our rights, or
those of any stockholder, to <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">seek&nbsp;non-monetary&nbsp;relief</FONT> such as injunction or rescission in the event of a breach of a director&#8217;s fiduciary duties, including the duty of care. The indemnification
provisions will not alter the liability of directors under the federal securities laws. In addition, your investment may be adversely affected to the extent that, in a derivative or direct suit, we pay the litigation costs of our directors and
officers and the costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and officers pursuant to these indemnification and advancements provisions. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We expect to maintain standard policies of insurance that provide coverage (i)&nbsp;to our directors and officers against loss arising from
claims made by reason of breach of duty or other wrongful act, and (ii)&nbsp;to us with respect to indemnification and advancements payments that we may make to such directors and officers. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We have entered into an indemnification agreement with each of our officers and directors. These agreements require us to indemnify these
individuals to the fullest extent permitted under Delaware law against liabilities that may arise by reason of their service to us, and to advance expenses incurred as a result of any proceeding against them as to which they could be indemnified. We
believe that the limitation of liability provision in our restated certificate of incorporation and the indemnification agreements will facilitate our ability to continue to attract and retain qualified individuals to serve as directors and
officers. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Insofar as the above described indemnification provisions permit indemnification of directors, officers or persons controlling
us for liability arising under the&nbsp;Securities Act, we understand that in the opinion of the SEC, this indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the&nbsp;Securities Act&nbsp;and is therefore unenforceable. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Delaware Anti-Takeover Statute </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We are
subject to the provisions of Section&nbsp;203 of the DGCL (&#8220;Section&nbsp;203&#8221;) regulating corporate takeovers. In general, Section&nbsp;203 prohibits a publicly-held Delaware corporation from engaging in a business combination with an
interested stockholder for a period of three years following the date on which the person became an interested stockholder unless: </P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">prior to the date of the transaction, the board of directors of the corporation approved either the business
combination or the transaction which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">upon completion of the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the
interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction commenced, excluding for purposes of determining the voting stock outstanding, but not the outstanding voting stock owned by the
interested stockholder, (1)&nbsp;shares owned by persons who are directors and also officers and (2)&nbsp;shares owned by employee stock plans in which employee participants do not have the right to determine confidentially whether shares held
subject to the plan will be tendered in a tender or exchange offer; or </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">27 </P>

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<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">at or subsequent to the date of the transaction, the business combination is approved by the board of directors
of the corporation and authorized at an annual or special meeting of stockholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of at least two thirds (66 2/3%) of the outstanding voting stock that is not owned by the interested stockholder.
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In general, Section&nbsp;203 defines business combination to include the following: </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">any merger or consolidation involving the corporation and the interested stockholder; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">any sale, lease, exchange, mortgage, transfer, pledge or other disposition of 10% or more of either the assets or
outstanding stock of the corporation involving the interested stockholder; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">subject to certain exceptions, any transaction that results in the issuance or transfer by the corporation of any
stock of the corporation to the interested stockholder; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">any transaction involving the corporation that has the effect of increasing the proportionate share of the stock
of any class or series of the corporation beneficially owned by the interested stockholder; or </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the receipt by the interested stockholder of the benefit of any loans, advances, guarantees, pledges or other
financial benefits by or through the corporation. </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In general, Section&nbsp;203 defines interested stockholder as an
entity or person who, together with affiliates and associates, beneficially owns, or within three years prior to the determination of interested stockholder status did own, 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The provisions of Delaware law and our restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws could have the effect of
discouraging others from attempting hostile takeovers and, as a consequence, they may also inhibit temporary fluctuations in the market price of our common stock that often result from actual or rumored hostile takeover attempts. These provisions
may also have the effect of preventing changes in our management. It is possible that these provisions may make it more difficult to accomplish transactions that stockholders may otherwise deem to be in their best interests. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Registration Rights </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Certain holders of
shares of our common stock are entitled to contractual rights to require us to register such shares under the&nbsp;Securities Act. These rights are provided under the terms of our amended and restated registration rights agreement. We will pay all
expenses relating to any such registration, other than underwriting discounts and selling commissions. The registration rights terminate with respect to any holder if all of the following conditions are met: (a)&nbsp;as reflected on our books and
records, such holder (together with its affiliates) holds less than 1% of our outstanding common stock (on <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">an&nbsp;as-converted&nbsp;to</FONT> common stock basis); (b) our securities trade on a national securities
exchange or list on a national automatic quotation system, in each case, located in the United States; and (c)&nbsp;all shares of common stock issued or issuable upon conversion of the registrable securities held by such holder (and its affiliates)
either (i)&nbsp;may be sold pursuant to Rule&nbsp;144&nbsp;promulgated under the&nbsp;Securities Act&nbsp;during any ninety (90)&nbsp;day period, or (ii)&nbsp;have ceased to be outstanding. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>Piggyback Registration Rights</I>. If we propose to register any of our securities under the&nbsp;Securities Act&nbsp;either for our own
account or for the account of other stockholders, the holders of shares having registration rights will, subject to certain exceptions, be entitled to include their shares in our registration statement. These piggyback registration rights are
subject to specified conditions and limitations, including the right of the underwriters to limit the number of shares included in any such registration statement under certain circumstances, but not below 25% of the total number of shares covered
by the registration statement without the consent of more than 50% of the holders of registrable securities. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">28 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="tx163359_13"></A>PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">On July&nbsp;30, 2025, we entered into the Purchase Agreement with YA. The Purchase Agreement provides that, upon the terms and subject to the
conditions set forth therein, YA is committed to purchase up to $30.0&nbsp;million in shares of our common stock during the Commitment Period. From time to time, and at our sole discretion, we may present YA with Advance Notices to purchase our
shares. The shares would be purchased pursuant to the Purchase Agreement at 97% of the lowest of the three daily VWAPs during the applicable Pricing Period as set forth in the Purchase Agreement. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The shares of common stock offered by this prospectus are being offered by the selling stockholder. The selling stockholder is an
&#8220;underwriter&#8221; within the meaning of Section&nbsp;2(a)(11) of the Securities Act. We have agreed in the Purchase Agreement to provide customary indemnification to YA. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">It is possible that our shares may be sold from time to time by YA in one or more of the following manners: </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
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<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">ordinary brokerage transactions, and transactions in which the broker solicits purchasers; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">a block trade, in which the broker or dealer will attempt to sell the shares as agent, but may position and
resell a portion of the block as principal to facilitate the transaction; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
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<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">to a broker-dealer, as principal and resale by the broker-dealer for its account; or </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">a combination of any of the above methods of sale. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">YA has agreed that, during the term of the Purchase Agreement, neither YA or its affiliates will engage in any short sales or hedging
transactions with respect to our shares of common stock, provided that YA and its affiliates may enter into Permitted Sales. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">YA, and any
unaffiliated broker-dealer, will be subject to liability under the federal securities laws and must comply with the requirements of the Exchange Act, including without limitation, Rule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10b-5</FONT> and Regulation M
promulgated under the Exchange Act (&#8220;Regulation M&#8221;). These rules and regulations may limit the timing of purchases and sales of shares of common stock by YA or any unaffiliated broker-dealer. Under these rules and regulations, YA and any
unaffiliated broker-dealer: </P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">may not engage in any stabilization activity in connection with our securities; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">must furnish each broker, which offers our shares of common stock covered by the prospectus and accompanying
prospectus that are a part of our registration statement, with the number of copies of such prospectus and accompanying prospectus which are required by each broker; and </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">may not bid for or purchase any of our securities or attempt to induce any person to purchase any of our
securities other than as permitted under the Exchange Act. </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">These restrictions may affect the marketability of the
shares by YA and any unaffiliated broker-dealer. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We have advised YA that it is required to comply with Regulation M. With certain
exceptions, Regulation M precludes the selling stockholder, any affiliated purchasers, and any broker-dealer or other person who participates in the distribution from bidding for or purchasing, or attempting to induce any person to bid for or
purchase any security which is the subject of the distribution until the entire distribution is complete. Regulation M also prohibits any bids or purchases made in order to stabilize the price of a security in connection with the distribution of
that security. All of the foregoing may affect the marketability of the securities offered by this prospectus. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We will pay the expenses
incident to the registration under the Securities Act of the offer and sale of our shares of common stock covered by this prospectus by the selling stockholder. We estimate that our total </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">29 </P>

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expenses for the offering will be approximately $50,000. As consideration for its irrevocable commitment to purchase our shares of common stock under the Purchase Agreement, we paid the selling
stockholder a one time commitment fee of $375,000, calculated as 1.25% of the Commitment Amount. We also paid a $25,000 structuring fee to an affiliate of the selling stockholder in connection with entry into the Purchase Agreement. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">30 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="tx163359_14"></A>LEGAL MATTERS </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The validity of the common stock being offered by this prospectus has been passed upon by Gunderson Dettmer Stough Villeneuve
Franklin&nbsp;&amp; Hachigian, LLP, San Diego, California. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:24pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="tx163359_15"></A>EXPERTS </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The consolidated financial statements of MediciNova, Inc. as of December&nbsp;31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years then ended incorporated by
reference in this prospectus and in the registration statement have been so incorporated in reliance on the report of BDO USA, P.C., an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and
accounting.</P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">31 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="tx163359_16"></A>WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-1</FONT> under the&nbsp;Securities Act, with
respect to the securities being offered by this prospectus. This prospectus does not contain all of the information in the registration statement and its exhibits. For further information, with respect to us and the securities offered by this
prospectus, we refer you to the registration statement and its exhibits. Statements contained in this prospectus as to the contents of any contract or any other document referred to are not necessarily complete, and in each instance, we refer you to
the copy of the contract or other document filed as an exhibit to the registration statement. Each of these statements is qualified in all respects by this reference. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We are subject to the information and periodic reporting requirements of the&nbsp;Exchange Act, and we file periodic reports, proxy statements
and other information with the SEC. You can read our SEC filings, including the registration statement, over the Internet at the SEC&#8217;s website at www.sec.gov. We also maintain a website at www.medicinova.com, at which you may access these
materials free of charge after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference in, and is not part of, this prospectus and any
references to this web site or any other web site are inactive textual references only. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">32 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="tx163359_17"></A>INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The SEC allows us to &#8220;incorporate by reference&#8221; the information we file with it, which means that we can disclose important
information to you by referring to those documents. The information incorporated by reference is an important part of this prospectus, and information that we file later with the SEC will automatically update and supersede this information. This
prospectus omits certain information contained in the registration statement, as permitted by the SEC. You should refer to the registration statement, including the exhibits, for further information about us and the securities we may offer pursuant
to this prospectus. Statements in this prospectus regarding the provisions of certain documents filed with, or incorporated by reference in, the registration statement are not necessarily complete and each statement is qualified in all respects by
that reference </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We incorporate by reference the following documents we filed with the SEC pursuant to Section&nbsp;13 of the&nbsp;Exchange
Act&nbsp;and any future filings we will make with the SEC under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14, or 15(d) of the&nbsp;Exchange Act&nbsp;after the date of this prospectus until the termination of the offering of the securities covered by this prospectus
(other than information furnished under Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 of Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K):</FONT> </P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">Our <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1226616/000095017025023301/mnov-20241231.htm">Annual
 Report on<U></U>&nbsp;Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT></A>&nbsp;for the year ended December&nbsp;31, 2024, filed with the SEC on February&nbsp;19, 2025; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">Those portions of our <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1226616/000095017025059321/mnov_proxy_2025.htm">Definitive
 Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A</A>, filed with the SEC on April&nbsp;28, 2025 that address the disclosure requirements of Part III of Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K;</FONT> </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">Our <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1226616/000095017025070461/mnov-20250331.htm">Quarterly
 Report on<U></U>&nbsp;Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q</FONT></A><U></U>&nbsp;for the quarter ended March&nbsp;31, 2025, filed with the SEC on May&nbsp;13, 2025; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">Our <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1226616/000095017025109041/mnov-20250630.htm">Quarterly
 Report on<U></U>&nbsp;Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q</FONT></A><U></U>&nbsp;for the quarter ended June&nbsp;30, 2025, filed with the SEC on August&nbsp;14, 2025; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">Our Current Reports on&nbsp;Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K&nbsp;
filed</FONT> with the SEC on <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1226616/000095017025087924/mnov-20250617.htm">June<U></U>&nbsp;
18, 2025</A> and <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1226616/000119312525170744/d84145d8k.htm">August<U></U>&nbsp;1, 2025</A>; and </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">The description of our common stock contained in our <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1226616/000119312506247014/d8a12b.htm">Registration
 Statement on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-A12B</FONT></A>, filed with the SEC on&nbsp;December 5, 2006&nbsp;pursuant to Section&nbsp;12(b) of the Exchange Act. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">You may access our Annual Report, Quarterly Reports, and Current Reports on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K,</FONT> Proxy
Statements, and amendments, if any, to those documents filed or furnished pursuant to Section&nbsp;13(a) or 15(d) of the&nbsp;Exchange Act&nbsp;with the SEC free of charge at the SEC&#8217;s website (www.sec.gov) or our website (www.medicinova.com)
as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The reference to our website does not constitute incorporation by reference of the information contained in our website. We do not consider
information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website to be part of this prospectus or the related registration statement. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We will provide to each person, including any beneficial owner, to whom this prospectus is delivered, upon written or oral request, at no cost
to the requester, a copy of any and all of the information that is incorporated by reference in this prospectus. Requests for such documents should be directed to: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">MediciNova, Inc. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Attn: Investor
Relations </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">4275 Executive Square, Suite 300 </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">La Jolla, California 92037 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">(858)&nbsp;373-1500</FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">33 </P>

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<DIV STYLE="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;border-bottom:1px solid #000000">&nbsp;
</DIV><DIV STYLE="line-height:3.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #000000">&nbsp;</DIV> <P STYLE="font-size:24pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt" ALIGN="center">


<IMG SRC="g163359g21l80.jpg" ALT="LOGO" STYLE="width:1.27361in;height:0.434351in;">
 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:24pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:18pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>MediciNova, Inc. </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:24pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:14pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>25,000,000 Shares of Common Stock </B></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:196pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center><DIV STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:21%">&nbsp;</DIV></center>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:14pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS </B></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center><DIV STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:21%">&nbsp;</DIV></center>
<P STYLE="margin-top:196pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;, 2025 </B></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:24pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV STYLE="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;border-bottom:1px solid #000000">&nbsp;
</DIV><DIV STYLE="line-height:3.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #000000">&nbsp;</DIV>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>PART II </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS </B></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="10%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><B>Item&#8201;13.</B></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><B></B><B><I>Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution</I></B><B> </B></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The following table sets forth the costs and expenses payable by us in connection with this registration statement and the listing of our common stock. All
amounts shown are estimates except for the SEC registration fee. </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="68%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" ALIGN="center">


<TR>

<TD WIDTH="85%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="6%"></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="2" ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000"><B>Amount</B></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>


<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">SEC registration fee</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">$</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">4,976</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Legal fees and expenses</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">25,000</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Accounting fees and expenses</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">15,000</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Miscellaneous expenses</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">5,000</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1px; ">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:1.00px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:1.00px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Total</B></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">$</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">49,976</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1px; ">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:3.00px double #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:3.00px double #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
</TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:18pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="10%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><B>Item&#8201;14.</B></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><B></B><B><I>Indemnification of Directors and Officers</I></B><B> </B></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We are incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware. Sections 145 and 102(b)(7) of the DGCL provide that a corporation may indemnify
any person made a party to an action by reason of the fact that the person was a director, executive officer, employee or agent of the corporation or is or was serving at the request of the corporation against expenses (including attorneys&#8217;
fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by the individual in connection with such action if the individual acted in good faith and in a manner they reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to, the
best interests of the corporation and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe their conduct was unlawful, except that, in the case of an action by or in right of the corporation, no indemnification may
generally be made in respect of any claim as to which such person is adjudged to be liable to the corporation. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Our restated certificate
of incorporation contains provisions that eliminate, to the maximum extent permitted by the DGCL, the personal liability of directors and executive officers for monetary damages for breach of their fiduciary duties as a director or officer. Our
restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws provide that we shall indemnify our directors and executive officers and may indemnify our employees and other agents to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We have purchased and intend to maintain insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a director or officer of our company against any loss
arising from any claim asserted against such person and incurred by such person in any such capacity, subject to certain exclusions. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We
have entered, and intend to continue to enter, into separate indemnification agreements with our directors and executive officers to provide these directors and executive officers additional contractual assurances regarding the scope of the
indemnification set forth in the registrant&#8217;s restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws and to provide additional procedural protections. At present, there is no pending litigation or proceeding involving a director
or executive officer of the Company regarding which indemnification is sought. The indemnification provisions in our restated certificate of incorporation, amended and restated bylaws, and the indemnification agreements entered into or to be entered
into between us and each of our directors and executive officers may be sufficiently broad to permit indemnification of our directors and executive officers for liabilities arising under the&nbsp;Securities Act. Insofar as indemnification for
liabilities arising under the&nbsp;Securities Act of 1933&nbsp;may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, the registrant has been informed that in the opinion of the SEC such
indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable. We also carry liability insurance for our directors and officers. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">II-1 </P>

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<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="10%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><B>Item&#8201;15.</B></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><B></B><B><I>Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities</I></B><B> </B></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">None.</P> <P STYLE="font-size:18pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="10%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><B>Item&#8201;16.</B></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><B></B><B><I>Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules</I></B><B> </B></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B><I>Exhibits </I></B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">See the &#8220;<I>Exhibit
Index</I>&#8221; immediately preceding the signature page hereto for a list of exhibits filed as part of this registration statement, which Exhibit Index is incorporated herein by reference. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B><I>Financial Statement Schedules </I></B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">All financial
statement schedules are omitted because the information called for is not required or is shown either in the financial statements or in the accompanying notes. </P> <P STYLE="font-size:18pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="10%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><B>Item&#8201;17.</B></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><B></B><B><I>Undertakings</I></B><B> </B></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(1) To file,
during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i) To include any
prospectus required by section 10(a)(3) of the&nbsp;Securities Act of 1933; </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ii) To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising
after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum
offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20% change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in
the &#8220;Calculation of Registration Fee&#8221; table in the effective registration statement; and </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(iii) To include any material
information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(2) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the&nbsp;Securities Act of 1933, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new
registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(3) To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the
offering. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(4) That, for the purpose of determining liability under the&nbsp;Securities Act of 1933&nbsp;to any purchaser: each prospectus filed pursuant
to Rule 424(b) as part of a registration statement relating to an offering, other than registration statements relying on Rule 430B or other than prospectuses filed in reliance on Rule 430A, shall be deemed to be part of and included in the
registration statement as of the date it is first used after effectiveness; provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed
incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such first use, supersede or modify any statement that was made in
the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such date of first use. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">II-2 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(5) That, for the purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the&nbsp;Securities Act of
1933&nbsp;to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities: The undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the
underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be
considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i) Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant
relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424; </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ii) Any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by
or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant; </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(iii) The portion of any other free
writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(iv) Any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(6) That, for purposes of determining any liability under the&nbsp;Securities Act of 1933, each filing of the registrant&#8217;s annual report pursuant to
section 13(a) or section 15(d) of the&nbsp;Securities Exchange Act of 1934&nbsp;(and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan&#8217;s annual report pursuant to section 15(d) of the&nbsp;Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that is
incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide
offering thereof. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(7) For purposes of determining any liability under the&nbsp;Securities Act of 1933, the information omitted from the form of
prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4)&nbsp;or 497(h) under the&nbsp;Securities Act&nbsp;shall be deemed to
be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(8) For the purpose of determining any liability under
the&nbsp;Securities Act of 1933, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall
be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the&nbsp;Securities Act of 1933&nbsp;may
be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is
against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or
controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the
opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the
final adjudication of such issue. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">II-3 </P>

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<h5 align="left" style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold"><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></h5>


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>EXHIBIT INDEX </B></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" ALIGN="center">


<TR>

<TD></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="5%"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="90%"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom" NOWRAP> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Exhibit</B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000; display:table-cell; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><B>Number</B></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Description</B></P></TD></TR>


<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP>&#8199;3.1</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1226616/000119312512347932/d344794dex31.htm">Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&#8217;s Quarterly
 Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q</FONT> (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;001-33185)</FONT> filed August&nbsp;9, 2012).</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP>&#8199;3.2</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1226616/000119312504164964/dex34.htm">Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 of the Registrant&#8217;s Registration Statement on Form <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-1</FONT> (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;333-119433)</FONT> filed October&nbsp;1, 2004).</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP>&#8199;4.1</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1226616/000119312507033031/dex41.htm">Specimen of Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant&#8217;s Annual Report on Form <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;001-33185)</FONT> filed February&nbsp;15, 2007).</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP>&#8199;4.2</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1226616/000119312504164964/dex42.htm">Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement, dated September&nbsp;
2, 2004, among the Registrant, its founders and the investors named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Registrant&#8217;s Registration Statement on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-1</FONT> (File <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;333-119433)</FONT> filed October&nbsp;1, 2004).</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP>&#8199;4.3</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1226616/000156459021006771/mnov-ex4_185.htm">Description of Capital Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of the Registrant&#8217;s Annual Report on Form <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;001-33185)</FONT> filed February&nbsp;19, 2021).</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP>&#8199;5.1*</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><A HREF="d163359dex51.htm">Opinion of Gunderson Dettmer Sough Villeneuve Franklin&nbsp;&amp; Hachigian, LLP. </A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP>10.1#</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1226616/000119312513132600/d448827dex103.htm">Form of Indemnity Agreement between the Registrant and its officers and directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Registrant&#8217;s
 Annual Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;001-33185)</FONT> filed March&nbsp;28, 2013).</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP>10.2#</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1226616/000119312507053569/ddef14a.htm">2007 Employee Stock Purchase Plan of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Appendix A of the Registrant&#8217;s Definitive Proxy Statement on
 Schedule 14A (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;001-33185)</FONT> filed March&nbsp;13, 2007).</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP>10.3#</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1226616/000119312514118744/d652763dex1023.htm">2013 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 of the Registrant&#8217;s Annual Report on Form <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;001-33185)</FONT> filed March&nbsp;27, 2014).</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP>10.4#</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1226616/000156459017014096/mnov-ex101_306.htm">Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant&#8217;s Quarterly
 Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q</FONT> (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;001-33185)</FONT> filed July&nbsp;26, 2017).</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP>10.5#</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1226616/000119312513433171/d595996dex103.htm">Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant and Stock Option Agreement for awards pursuant to the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference
 to Exhibit 10.3 of the Registrant&#8217;s Quarterly Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q</FONT> (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;001-33185)</FONT> filed November&nbsp;7, 2013).</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP>10.6#</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1226616/000119312524011273/d112285dex991.htm">2023 Equity Incentive Plan and forms of award agreements thereunder of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 of the Registrant&#8217;s
 Post-Effective Amendment No.&nbsp;1 to Registration Statements on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-8</FONT> (File Nos. <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">333-264938,</FONT> <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">333-232239,</FONT> <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">333-219491,</FONT> <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">333-190490)</FONT> filed January&nbsp;19, 2024).</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP>10.7#</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1226616/000119312507074153/dex101.htm">Executive Employment Agreement, dated April&nbsp;
1, 2007, between the Registrant and Yuichi Iwaki, M.D., Ph.D. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant&#8217;s Current Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K</FONT> (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;
001-33185)</FONT> filed April&nbsp;4, 2007).</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP>10.8#</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1226616/000119312511001216/dex101.htm">Form of First Amendment to Employment Agreement, dated December&nbsp;
31, 2010, between the Registrant and Yuichi Iwaki, M.D., Ph.D. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant&#8217;s Current Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K</FONT> (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;
001-33185)</FONT> filed January&nbsp;4, 2011).</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP>10.9#</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1226616/000119312514308545/d745670dex102.htm">Severance Protection Agreement, dated July&nbsp;14, 2014, between the Registrant and Dr.&nbsp;
Yuichi Iwaki (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant&#8217;s Quarterly Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q</FONT> (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;001-33185)</FONT> filed August&nbsp;13,
2014).</A></TD></TR></TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">II-4 </P>

</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always"> </p>
<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">
<h5 align="left" style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold"><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></h5>


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" ALIGN="center">


<TR>

<TD></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="4%"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="90%"></TD></TR>

<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom" NOWRAP> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Exhibit</B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000; display:table-cell; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><B>Number</B></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Description</B></P></TD></TR>


<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP>10.10#</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1226616/000119312514308545/d745670dex104.htm">Severance Protection Agreement, dated July&nbsp;14, 2014, between the Registrant and Dr.&nbsp;
Kazuko Matsuda (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Registrant&#8217;s Quarterly Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q</FONT> (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;001-33185)</FONT> filed August&nbsp;13,
2014).</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP>10.11#</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1226616/000119312514308545/d745670dex105.htm">Severance Protection Agreement, dated July&nbsp;
14, 2014, between the Registrant and Geoffrey O&#8217;Brien (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Registrant&#8217;s Quarterly Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q</FONT> (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;
001-33185)</FONT> filed August&nbsp;13, 2014).</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP>10.12#</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1226616/000095017024094092/mnov-ex10_1.htm">Consulting Agreement, dated April&nbsp;
2, 2024, between the Registrant and Geoffrey O&#8217;Brien (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant&#8217;s Quarterly Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q</FONT> (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;
001-33185)</FONT> filed August&nbsp;8, 2024).</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP>10.13</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001226616/000119312521222985/d159893dex991.htm">Lease, dated July&nbsp;
20, 2021, between MediciNova, Inc. and the Irvine Company LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 of the Registrant&#8217;s Current Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K</FONT> (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;
001-33185)</FONT> filed July&nbsp;23, 2021).</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP>10.14&#134;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/932903/000114544306000811/d18787ex10-58.htm">Assignment Agreement, dated December&nbsp;
19, 2005, between Genzyme Corporation and Avigen, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.58 of Avigen, Inc.&#8217;s Annual Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;
000-28272)</FONT> filed March&nbsp;16, 2006).</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP>10.15</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001226616/000119312521006833/d931163dex101.htm">Securities Purchase Agreement, dated January&nbsp;
11, 2021, between the Company and 3D Opportunity Master Fund (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant&#8217;s Current Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K</FONT> (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;
001-33185)</FONT> filed January&nbsp;12, 2021).</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP>10.16</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001226616/000119312521006833/d931163dex102.htm">Shareholder Rights Agreement, dated January&nbsp;
11, 2021, between the Company and 3D Opportunity Master Fund (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant&#8217;s Current Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K</FONT> (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;
001-33185)</FONT> filed January&nbsp;12, 2021).</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP>10.17</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001226616/000119312521233293/d211886dex991.htm">Services Agreement, dated August&nbsp;
1, 2021, between MediciNova, Inc. and Signature Analytics LLC (acquired by Citrin Cooperman Advisors LLC) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 of the Registrant&#8217;s Current Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K</FONT> (File <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;001-33185)</FONT> filed August&nbsp;2, 2021).</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP>21</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1226616/000095017023010297/mnov-ex21.htm">Subsidiaries of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21 of the Registrant&#8217;s Annual Report on Form <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K/A</FONT> (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;001-33185)</FONT> filed March&nbsp;28, 2023).</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP>23.1*</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><A HREF="d163359dex231.htm">Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. </A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP>23.2*</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><A HREF="d163359dex51.htm">Consent of Gunderson Dettmer Stough Villeneuve Franklin&nbsp;&amp; Hachigian, LLP (contained in Exhibit&nbsp;5.1) </A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP>107*</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><A HREF="d163359dexfilingfees.htm">Filing Fee Table. </A></TD></TR>
</TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">*</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">Filed herewith </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#134;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">Portions of this Exhibit have been omitted pursuant to a grant of confidential treatment by the SEC.
</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">#</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">Indicates management contract or compensatory plan. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">II-5 </P>

</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always"> </p>
<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">
<h5 align="left" style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold"><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></h5>


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>SIGNATURES </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the
undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the city of City of La Jolla, State of California, on August 22, 2025. </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">


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<TD WIDTH="44%"></TD></TR>


<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="3"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">M<SMALL>EDICINOVA</SMALL>, I<SMALL>NC</SMALL>.</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">a Delaware Corporation</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">Date: August 22, 2025</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">By:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" STYLE=" BORDER-BOTTOM:1px solid #000000">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top" STYLE="BORDER-BOTTOM:1px solid #000000">/s/ Yuichi Iwaki</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Yuichi Iwaki, M.D., Ph.D.</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">President&nbsp;&amp; Chief Executive Officer</TD></TR>
</TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:24pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>POWER OF ATTORNEY </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS</I>, that each person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints Yuichi Iwaki, M.D., Ph.D., as his or
her true and lawful <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">attorney-in-fact,</FONT></FONT> proxy, and agent, with full power of substitution, for him or her in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this
registration statement (including post-effective amendments or any abbreviated registration statement and any amendments thereto filed pursuant to Rule 462(b) increasing the number of securities for which registration is sought), and to file the
same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">attorney-in-fact,</FONT></FONT> proxy, and
agent full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully for all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming
all that said <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">attorney-in-fact,</FONT></FONT> proxy, and agent, or his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Pursuant to the requirements of the&nbsp;Securities Act, this registration statement on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-1</FONT> has been signed by
the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.</P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">


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<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom" NOWRAP ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Signature</B></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Title</B></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Date</B></P></TD></TR>


<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">/s/ Yuichi Iwaki, M.D., Ph.D.</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Yuichi Iwaki, M.D., Ph.D.</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Chairman of the Board of Directors, President and Chief Executive Officer</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>(Principal executive officer)</I></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP ALIGN="center">August 22, 2025</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">/s/ Jason Kruger</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Jason Kruger</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Chief Financial Officer</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>(Principal financial
and accounting officer)</I></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP ALIGN="center">August 22, 2025</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">/s/ Carolyn Beaver</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Carolyn Beaver</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Director</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP ALIGN="center">August 22, 2025</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">/s/ Nicole Lemerond</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Nicole Lemerond</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Director</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP ALIGN="center">August 22, 2025</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">/s/ Kazuko Matsuda, M.D., Ph.D., MPH</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Kazuko Matsuda, M.D., Ph.D., MPH</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Director</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP ALIGN="center">August 22, 2025</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">/s/ Hideki Nagao</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Hideki Nagao</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Director</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top" NOWRAP ALIGN="center">August 22, 2025</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">II-6 </P>

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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-5.1
<SEQUENCE>2
<FILENAME>d163359dex51.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EX-5.1
<TEXT>
<HTML><HEAD>
<TITLE>EX-5.1</TITLE>
</HEAD>
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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B>Exhibit 5.1 </B></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" ALIGN="center">


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<TD WIDTH="51%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1%"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="48%"></TD></TR>


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<TD VALIGN="top">


<IMG SRC="g163359g53h05.jpg" ALT="LOGO" STYLE="width:1.96597in;height:0.423611in;">
</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top" ALIGN="right">


<IMG SRC="g163359g32u32.jpg" ALT="LOGO" STYLE="width:1.96597in;height:0.795139in;">
</TD></TR>
</TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">August&nbsp;22, 2025 </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">MediciNova, Inc. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">4275 Executive Square, Suite 300 </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">La Jolla, California 92037 </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">Re:</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">Registration Statement on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-1</FONT> </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Ladies and Gentlemen: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This opinion is furnished
to MediciNova, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the &#8220;<B><I>Company</I></B>&#8221;), in connection with the filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August&nbsp;22, 2025, of a registration statement on Form <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-1</FONT> (the &#8220;<B><I>Registration Statement</I></B>&#8221;) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#8220;<B><I>Act</I></B>&#8221;). The Registration Statement relates to the registration of up to an
aggregate of 25,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the &#8220;<B><I>Shares</I></B>&#8221;), which are reserved for future issuance to YA II PN Ltd. (the &#8220;<B><I>Selling Stockholder</I></B>&#8221;) pursuant to that
certain Standby Equity Purchase Agreement by and between the Company and the Selling Stockholder, dated as of July&nbsp;30, 2025 (the &#8220;<B><I>Purchase Agreement</I></B>&#8221;). The Shares, when issued, are to be sold by the Selling Stockholder
in the manner contemplated by the prospectus contained in the Registration Statement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In connection with this opinion, we have examined
and relied upon the Registration Statement and the originals or copies certified to our satisfaction of such other documents, records, certificates, memoranda and other instruments as in our judgment are necessary or appropriate to enable us to
render the opinions expressed below. With your consent, we have relied upon certificates and other assurances of officers of the Company as to factual matters without having independently verified such factual matters. We have assumed the
genuineness and authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals, and the conformity to originals of all documents submitted to us as copies thereof. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This opinion is being furnished in connection with the requirements of Item 601(b)(5)&nbsp;of Regulation
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-K</FONT> under the Act, and no opinion is expressed herein as to any matter pertaining to the contents of the Registration Statement, other than as expressly stated herein with respect to the issue of the Shares.
Our opinion is limited to the matters stated herein and no opinion is implied or may be inferred beyond the matters expressly stated. Our opinion herein is expressed solely with respect to the federal laws of the United States and the General
Corporation Law of the State of Delaware and the laws of the State of California. Our opinion is based on these laws as in effect on the date hereof, and we disclaim any obligation to advise you of facts, circumstances, events or developments which
hereafter may be brought to our attention and which may alter, affect or modify the opinion expressed herein. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Subject to the foregoing
and the other matters set forth herein, we are of the opinion that the Shares, when issued against payment therefor, will be validly issued, fully paid and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-assessable.</FONT> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We consent to the use of this opinion as Exhibit&nbsp;5.1 to the Registration Statement, and further consent to the use of our name under the
caption &#8220;Legal Matters&#8221; in the prospectus included in the Registration Statement, and in any amendment or supplement thereto. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Very truly
yours, </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">/s/ Gunderson Dettmer Stough Villeneuve Franklin&nbsp;&amp; Hachigian, LLP </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">GUNDERSON DETTMER STOUGH VILLENEUVE FRANKLI&amp; HACHIGIAN, LLP </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt" ALIGN="center">


<IMG SRC="g163359g58m08.jpg" ALT="LOGO" STYLE="width:5.49653in;height:0.423611in;">
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-23.1
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>d163359dex231.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EX-23.1
<TEXT>
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<TITLE>EX-23.1</TITLE>
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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B>Exhibit 23.1 </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><U>Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm </U></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Prospectus constituting a part of this Registration Statement of our report dated February&nbsp;19,
2025, relating to the consolidated financial statements of MediciNova, Inc. (the &#8220;Company&#8221;) appearing in the Company&#8217;s Annual Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> for the year ended December&nbsp;31, 2024.
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We also consent to the reference to us under the caption &#8220;Experts&#8221; in the Prospectus. </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="40%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">


<TR>

<TD WIDTH="100%"></TD></TR>


<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">/s/ BDO USA, P.C.</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">San Diego, California</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">August&nbsp;22, 2025</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-FILING FEES
<SEQUENCE>4
<FILENAME>d163359dexfilingfees.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EX-FILING FEES
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  <div style="display: none"> <ix:header> <ix:hidden> <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:FormTp" contextRef="rc" id="ixv-331">S-1</ix:nonNumeric> <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:SubmissnTp" contextRef="rc" id="ixv-332">S-1</ix:nonNumeric> <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:FeeExhibitTp" contextRef="rc" id="ixv-333">EX-FILING FEES</ix:nonNumeric> <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:EntityCentralIndexKey" contextRef="rc" id="ixv-334">0001226616</ix:nonNumeric> <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:EntityRegistrantName" contextRef="rc" id="ixv-335">MEDICINOVA INC</ix:nonNumeric> <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:OfferingTableNa" contextRef="rc" id="hiddenrcOfferingTableNa" xsi:nil="true"></ix:nonNumeric> <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:OffsetTableNa" contextRef="rc" id="hiddenrcOffsetTableNa">N/A</ix:nonNumeric> <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:CombinedProspectusTableNa" contextRef="rc" id="hiddenrcCombinedProspectusTableNa">N/A</ix:nonNumeric> </ix:hidden> <ix:references> <link:schemaRef xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025/ffd-2025.xsd" xlink:type="simple"/> </ix:references> <ix:resources> <xbrli:context id="rc"> <xbrli:entity> <xbrli:identifier scheme="http://www.sec.gov/CIK">0001226616</xbrli:identifier> </xbrli:entity> <xbrli:period> <xbrli:startDate>2025-08-21</xbrli:startDate> <xbrli:endDate>2025-08-21</xbrli:endDate> </xbrli:period> </xbrli:context> <xbrli:context id="offrl_1"> <xbrli:entity> <xbrli:identifier scheme="http://www.sec.gov/CIK">0001226616</xbrli:identifier> <xbrli:segment> <xbrldi:typedMember dimension="ffd:OfferingAxis"> <dei:lineNo>1</dei:lineNo> </xbrldi:typedMember> </xbrli:segment> </xbrli:entity> <xbrli:period> <xbrli:startDate>2025-08-21</xbrli:startDate> <xbrli:endDate>2025-08-21</xbrli:endDate> </xbrli:period> </xbrli:context> <xbrli:unit id="USD"> <xbrli:measure>iso4217:USD</xbrli:measure> </xbrli:unit> <xbrli:unit id="pure"> <xbrli:measure>xbrli:pure</xbrli:measure> </xbrli:unit> <xbrli:unit id="Shares"> <xbrli:measure>xbrli:shares</xbrli:measure> </xbrli:unit> </ix:resources> </ix:header> </div> <div>
<table style="width: 99%; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; text-align: center;">
<tr>
<td colspan="4" style="padding-bottom: .5em"> <p> <b>Calculation of Filing Fee Tables</b> </p> </td> </tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-bottom: .25em"> <p> <b> <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:FormTp" contextRef="rc" id="ixv-363">S-1</ix:nonNumeric> </b> </p> </td> </tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-bottom: .25em"> <p> <b> <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:EntityRegistrantName" contextRef="rc" id="ixv-364">MEDICINOVA INC</ix:nonNumeric> </b> </p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div style="padding-bottom: 20px;">
<table style="float: center; width: 100%; text-align: left; ">
<tr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px">
<th style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: left; word-wrap: break-word"> <b>Table 1: Newly Registered and Carry Forward Securities</b> </th>
<th style="vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word; text-align: right;"> <span style="-sec-ix-hidden: hiddenrcOfferingTableNa">&#9744;Not Applicable</span> </th> </tr> </table>
<table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; float: center; width: 100%; text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; font-size: 16px;">
<tr style="background-color:#9ADAF6">
<th style="width: 12%;">
 </th>
<th style="width: 2%;">
 </th>
<th style="width: 12%;"> <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <b>Security Type</b> </p> </th>
<th style="width: 14%;"> <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <b>Security Class Title </b> </p> </th>
<th style="width: 2%;"> <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <b>Fee Calculation or Carry Forward Rule</b> </p> </th>
<th style="width: 5%;"> <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <b>Amount Registered</b> </p> </th>
<th style="width: 15%;"> <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <b>Proposed Maximum Offering Price Per Unit</b> </p> </th>
<th style="width: 10%;"> <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <b>Maximum Aggregate Offering Price</b> </p> </th>
<th style="width: 5%;"> <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <b>Fee Rate</b> </p> </th>
<th style="width: 6%;"> <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <b>Amount of Registration Fee</b> </p> </th>
<th style="width: 1%;"> <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <b>Carry Forward Form Type</b> </p> </th>
<th style="width: 7%;"> <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <b>Carry Forward File Number</b> </p> </th>
<th style="width: 6%;"> <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <b>Carry Forward Initial Effective Date</b> </p> </th>
<th style="width: 7%;"> <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <b>Filing Fee Previously Paid in Connection with Unsold Securities to be Carried Forward</b> </p> </th> </tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="14" style="text-align: center"> <b>Newly Registered Securities</b> </td> </tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E7E7E2">
<td style="text-align: left;"> <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:PrevslyPdFlg" contextRef="offrl_1" format="ixt:booleanfalse" id="ixv-365">Fees to be Paid</ix:nonNumeric> </td>
<td style="text-align: center;"> 1 </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:OfferingSctyTp" contextRef="offrl_1" id="ixv-366">Equity</ix:nonNumeric> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:OfferingSctyTitl" contextRef="offrl_1" id="ixv-367">Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share</ix:nonNumeric> </td>
<td style="text-align: center;"> <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:Rule457aFlg" contextRef="offrl_1" format="ixt:booleantrue" id="ixv-368">457(a)</ix:nonNumeric> </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> <ix:nonFraction name="ffd:AmtSctiesRegd" unitRef="Shares" decimals="0" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" contextRef="offrl_1" id="ixv-369">25,000,000</ix:nonFraction> </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> <span>$</span> <ix:nonFraction name="ffd:MaxOfferingPricPerScty" unitRef="USD" decimals="INF" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" contextRef="offrl_1" id="ixv-370">1.30</ix:nonFraction> </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> <span>$</span> <ix:nonFraction name="ffd:MaxAggtOfferingPric" unitRef="USD" decimals="INF" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" contextRef="offrl_1" id="ixv-371">32,500,000.00</ix:nonFraction> </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> <ix:nonFraction name="ffd:FeeRate" unitRef="pure" decimals="INF" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" contextRef="offrl_1" id="ixv-372">0.0001531</ix:nonFraction> </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> <span>$</span> <ix:nonFraction name="ffd:FeeAmt" unitRef="USD" decimals="INF" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" contextRef="offrl_1" id="ixv-373">4,975.75</ix:nonFraction> </td>
<td style="text-align: center;"> </td>
<td style="text-align: center;"> </td>
<td style="text-align: center;"> </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> </td> </tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E7E7E2">
<td style="text-align: left;"> Fees Previously Paid </td>
<td style="text-align: center;"> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> </td>
<td style="text-align: center;"> </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> </td>
<td style="text-align: center;"> </td>
<td style="text-align: center;"> </td>
<td style="text-align: center;"> </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> </td> </tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="14" style="text-align: center"> <b>Carry Forward Securities</b> </td> </tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E7E7E2">
<td style="text-align: left;"> Carry Forward Securities </td>
<td style="text-align: center;"> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> </td>
<td style="text-align: center;"> </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> </td>
<td style="text-align: center;"> </td>
<td style="text-align: center;"> </td>
<td style="text-align: center;"> </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> </td> </tr>
<tr>
<td>
 </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top"> <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: right">Total Offering Amounts:</p> </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 16%;"> <p id="MaxAggtOfferingPrice" style="margin: 0pt; text-align: right"> <span>$</span> <ix:nonFraction name="ffd:TtlOfferingAmt" contextRef="rc" decimals="INF" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" unitRef="USD" id="ixv-374">32,500,000.00</ix:nonFraction> </p> </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 1px black; width: 16%;"> <p id="TotalFeeAmt" style="margin: 0pt; text-align: right"> <span>$</span> <ix:nonFraction name="ffd:TtlFeeAmt" contextRef="rc" decimals="INF" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" unitRef="USD" id="ixv-375">4,975.75</ix:nonFraction> </p> </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td>
 </td> </tr>
<tr>
<td>
 </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top"> <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: right"> Total Fees Previously Paid: </p> </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td style="vertical-align: top"> <p id="TotalPreviouslyPaidAmt" style="margin: 0pt; text-align: right"> <span>$</span> <ix:nonFraction name="ffd:TtlPrevslyPdAmt" contextRef="rc" decimals="INF" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" unitRef="USD" id="ixv-376">0.00</ix:nonFraction> </p> </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td>
 </td> </tr>
<tr>
<td>
 </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top"> <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: right"> Total Fee Offsets: </p> </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td style="vertical-align: top"> <p id="TotalOffsetAmt" style="margin: 0pt; text-align: right"> <span>$</span> <ix:nonFraction name="ffd:TtlOffsetAmt" contextRef="rc" decimals="INF" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" unitRef="USD" id="ixv-377">0.00</ix:nonFraction> </p> </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td>
 </td> </tr>
<tr>
<td>
 </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top"> <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: right"> Net Fee Due: </p> </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td style="vertical-align: top"> <p id="NetFeeAmt" style="margin: 0pt; text-align: right"> <span>$</span> <ix:nonFraction name="ffd:NetFeeAmt" contextRef="rc" decimals="INF" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" unitRef="USD" id="ixv-378">4,975.75</ix:nonFraction> </p> </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td>
 </td>
<td>
 </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div>
<table style="width: 100%; text-indent: 0px;"> <tbody>
<tr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: top;">
<td> <p style="margin:0pt;text-align:left; margin-bottom: 5px;"> <b>Offering Note</b> </p> </td>
<td/> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div style="padding-bottom: 20px;">
<table style="width: 100%; text-indent: 0px;">
<tr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: top;">
<td style="width:10pt;"> <p style="margin:0pt;text-align:left;"> <sup style="vertical-align:top;line-height:120%;font-size:10px">1</sup> </p> </td>
<td colspan="7" style="white-space: pre-line;"> <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:OfferingNote" escape="1" contextRef="offrl_1" id="ixv-379">(1) Pursuant to Rule 416 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the shares of common stock being registered hereunder include such indeterminate number of shares of common stock as may be issuable with respect to the shares of common stock being registered hereunder as a result of stock splits, stock dividends or similar transactions. (2) Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the amount of the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(c) of the Securities Act, on the basis of the average of the high and low prices for a share of the Registrant's common stock as reported on the Nasdaq Capital Market on August 15, 2025, which date is a date within five business days prior to the filing of this registration statement.</ix:nonNumeric> </td> </tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7"> <hr style="width:100%;text-align:left;margin-left:0"/> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div style="padding-bottom: 20px;">
<table style="float: center; width: 100%; text-align: left; ">
<tr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px">
<th style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: left; word-wrap: break-word"> <b>Table 2: Fee Offset Claims and Sources</b> </th>
<th style="vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word; text-align: right;"> <span style="-sec-ix-hidden: hiddenrcOffsetTableNa">&#9745;Not Applicable</span> </th> </tr> </table>
<table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; float: center; width: 100%; text-align: center; border: 1px solid black;">
<tr style="background-color:#9ADAF6">
<th style="width: 10%; text-align: left;">
 </th>
<th style="width: 8%; text-align: left;">
 </th>
<th style="width: 16%;"> Registrant or Filer Name </th>
<th style="width: 6%;"> Form or Filing Type </th>
<th style="width: 7%;"> File Number </th>
<th style="width: 6%;"> Initial Filing Date </th>
<th style="width: 6%;"> Filing Date </th>
<th style="width: 6%;"> Fee Offset Claimed </th>
<th style="width: 6%;"> Security Type Associated with Fee Offset Claimed </th>
<th style="width: 8%;"> Security Title Associated with Fee Offset Claimed </th>
<th style="width: 6%;"> Unsold Securities Associated with Fee Offset Claimed </th>
<th style="width: 9%;"> Unsold Aggregate Offering Amount Associated with Fee Offset Claimed </th>
<th style="width: 6%;"> Fee Paid with Fee Offset Source </th> </tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="14" style="text-align: center"> <b>Rules 457(b) and 0-11(a)(2)</b> </td> </tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E7E7E2">
<td style="text-align: left;"> Fee Offset Claims </td>
<td> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> N/A </td>
<td> N/A </td>
<td> N/A </td>
<td> N/A </td>
<td> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> N/A </td> </tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E7E7E2">
<td style="text-align: left;"> Fee Offset Sources </td>
<td> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> N/A </td>
<td> N/A </td>
<td> N/A </td>
<td> N/A </td>
<td> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> N/A </td> </tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="14" style="text-align: center"> <b>Rule 457(p)</b> </td> </tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E7E7E2">
<td style="text-align: left;"> Fee Offset Claims </td>
<td> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> N/A </td>
<td> N/A </td>
<td> N/A </td>
<td> N/A </td>
<td> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> N/A </td> </tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E7E7E2">
<td style="text-align: left;"> Fee Offset Sources </td>
<td> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> N/A </td>
<td> N/A </td>
<td> N/A </td>
<td> N/A </td>
<td> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> N/A </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div style="padding-bottom: 20px;">
<table style="float: center; width: 100%; text-align: left; ">
<tr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px">
<th style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: left; word-wrap: break-word"> <b>Table 3: Combined Prospectuses</b> </th>
<th style="vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word; text-align: right;"> <span style="-sec-ix-hidden: hiddenrcCombinedProspectusTableNa">&#9745;Not Applicable</span> </th> </tr> </table>
<table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; float: center; width: 100%; border: 1px solid black;">
<tr style="background-color:#9ADAF6">
<th style="width: 4%">
 </th>
<th style="width: 14%"> <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <b>Security Type</b> </p> </th>
<th style="width: 25%"> <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <b>Security Class Title</b> </p> </th>
<th style="width: 14%"> <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <b>Amount of Securities Previously Registered</b> </p> </th>
<th style="width: 18%"> <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <b>Maximum Aggregate Offering Price of Securities Previously Registered</b> </p> </th>
<th style="width: 6%"> <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <b>Form Type</b> </p> </th>
<th style="width: 10%"> <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <b>File Number</b> </p> </th>
<th style="width: 8%"> <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <b>Initial Effective Date</b> </p> </th> </tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E7E7E2;">
<td style="text-align: center;"> N/A </td>
<td> N/A </td>
<td> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: right;"> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: center;"> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: center;"> N/A </td>
<td style="text-align: center;"> N/A </td> </tr> </table> </div> </body></html>
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<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.25.2</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Submission<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Aug. 21, 2025</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_SubmissionLineItems', window );"><strong>Submission [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0001226616<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">MEDICINOVA INC<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FormTp', window );">Form Type</a></td>
<td class="text">S-1<span></span>
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<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_SubmissnTp', window );">Submission Type</a></td>
<td class="text">S-1<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeeExhibitTp', window );">Fee Exhibit Type</a></td>
<td class="text">EX-FILING FEES<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingTableNa', window );">Offering Table N/A</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OffsetTableNa', window );">Offset Table N/A</a></td>
<td class="text">N/A<span></span>
</td>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_CombinedProspectusTableNa', window );">Combined Prospectus Table N/A</a></td>
<td class="text">N/A<span></span>
</td>
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<div style="display: none;">
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
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<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_CombinedProspectusTableNa">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_CombinedProspectusTableNa</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:naItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_FeeExhibitTp">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FeeExhibitTp</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:feeExhibitTypeItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_FormTp">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FormTp</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:submissionTypeItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingTableNa">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingTableNa</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:naItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OffsetTableNa">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OffsetTableNa</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:naItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_SubmissionLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_SubmissionLineItems</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
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<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_SubmissnTp">
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_SubmissnTp</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
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<td>na</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>11
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<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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</head>
<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.25.2</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Offerings - Offering: 1<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th">
<div>Aug. 21, 2025 </div>
<div>USD ($) </div>
<div>shares</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingTable', window );"><strong>Offering:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_PrevslyPdFlg', window );">Fee Previously Paid</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_Rule457aFlg', window );">Rule 457(a)</a></td>
<td class="text">true<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTp', window );">Security Type</a></td>
<td class="text">Equity<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTitl', window );">Security Class Title</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_AmtSctiesRegd', window );">Amount Registered | shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">25,000,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_MaxOfferingPricPerScty', window );">Proposed Maximum Offering Price per Unit</a></td>
<td class="nump">1.30<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_MaxAggtOfferingPric', window );">Maximum Aggregate Offering Price</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 32,500,000.00<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeeRate', window );">Fee Rate</a></td>
<td class="nump">0.01531%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeeAmt', window );">Amount of Registration Fee</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 4,975.75<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingNote', window );">Offering Note</a></td>
<td class="text">(1) Pursuant to Rule 416 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the shares of common stock being registered hereunder include such indeterminate number of shares of common stock as may be issuable with respect to the shares of common stock being registered hereunder as a result of stock splits, stock dividends or similar transactions. (2) Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the amount of the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(c) of the Securities Act, on the basis of the average of the high and low prices for a share of the Registrant's common stock as reported on the Nasdaq Capital Market on August 15, 2025, which date is a date within five business days prior to the filing of this registration statement.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_AmtSctiesRegd">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The amount of securities being registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_AmtSctiesRegd</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegativeDecimal2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_FeeAmt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Total amount of registration fee (amount due after offsets).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FeeAmt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_FeeRate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The rate per dollar of fees that public companies and other issuers pay to register their securities with the Commission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FeeRate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_MaxAggtOfferingPric">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The maximum aggregate offering price for the offering that is being registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_MaxAggtOfferingPric</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_MaxOfferingPricPerScty">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The maximum offering price per share/unit being registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_MaxOfferingPricPerScty</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegativeDecimal4lItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingNote">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingNote</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:textBlockItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTitl">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The title of the class of securities being registered (for each class being registered).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingSctyTitl</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTp">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Type of securities: "Asset-backed Securities", "ADRs/ADSs", "Debt", "Debt Convertible into Equity", "Equity", "Face Amount Certificates", "Limited Partnership Interests", "Mortgage Backed Securities", "Non-Convertible Debt", "Unallocated (Universal) Shelf", "Exchange Traded Vehicle Securities", "Other"</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingSctyTp</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:securityTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingTable">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingTable</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_PrevslyPdFlg">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_PrevslyPdFlg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_Rule457aFlg">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Checkbox indicating whether filer is using Rule 457(a) to calculate the registration fee due.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 457<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_Rule457aFlg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingAxis=1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingAxis=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
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</html>
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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>12
<FILENAME>R3.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.2</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Fees Summary<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th">
<div>Aug. 21, 2025 </div>
<div>USD ($)</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeesSummaryLineItems', window );"><strong>Fees Summary [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_TtlOfferingAmt', window );">Total Offering</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 32,500,000.00<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_TtlPrevslyPdAmt', window );">Previously Paid Amount</a></td>
<td class="nump">0.00<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_TtlFeeAmt', window );">Total Fee Amount</a></td>
<td class="nump">4,975.75<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_TtlOffsetAmt', window );">Total Offset Amount</a></td>
<td class="nump">0.00<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_NetFeeAmt', window );">Net Fee</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 4,975.75<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_FeesSummaryLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FeesSummaryLineItems</td>
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<tr>
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<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<tr>
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<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_NetFeeAmt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_NetFeeAmt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_TtlFeeAmt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_TtlFeeAmt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
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<xbrl
  xmlns="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance"
  xmlns:dei="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025"
  xmlns:ffd="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025"
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        <entity>
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        </entity>
        <period>
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            <endDate>2025-08-21</endDate>
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        <measure>iso4217:USD</measure>
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        <measure>pure</measure>
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    <dei:EntityRegistrantName contextRef="rc" id="ixv-335">MEDICINOVA INC</dei:EntityRegistrantName>
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