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Stock-Based Compensation | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2013
Stock-Based Compensation [Abstract] |
Stock-Based Compensation | Stock-Based Compensation Calpine Equity Incentive Plans The Calpine Equity Incentive Plans provide for the issuance of equity awards to all non-union employees as well as the non-employee members of our Board of Directors. The equity awards may include incentive or non-qualified stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights, performance compensation awards and other share-based awards. The equity awards granted under the Calpine Equity Incentive Plans include both graded and cliff vesting awards which vest over periods between one and five years, contain contractual terms between approximately five and ten years and are subject to forfeiture provisions under certain circumstances, including termination of employment prior to vesting. At December 31, 2013, there were 567,000 and 40,533,000 shares of our common stock authorized for issuance to participants under the Director Plan and the Equity Plan, respectively. Equity Classified Share-Based Awards We use the Black-Scholes option-pricing model or the Monte Carlo simulation model, as appropriate, to estimate the fair value of our employee stock options on the grant date, which takes into account the exercise price and expected term of the stock option, the current price of the underlying stock and its expected volatility, expected dividends on the stock and the risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the stock option as of the grant date. For our restricted stock and restricted stock units, we use our closing stock price on the date of grant, or the last trading day preceding the grant date for restricted stock granted on non-trading days, as the fair value for measuring compensation expense. Stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the period in which the related employee services are rendered. The service period is generally presumed to begin on the grant date and end when the equity award is fully vested. We use the graded vesting attribution method to recognize fair value of the equity award over the service period. For example, the graded vesting attribution method views one three-year option grant with annual graded vesting as three separate sub-grants, each representing 33 1/3% of the total number of stock options granted. The first sub-grant vests over one year, the second sub-grant vests over two years and the third sub-grant vests over three years. A three-year option grant with cliff vesting is viewed as one grant vesting over three years. Stock-based compensation expense recognized for our equity classified share-based awards was $34 million, $25 million and $24 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. We did not record any significant tax benefits related to stock-based compensation expense in any period as we are not benefiting from a significant portion of our deferred tax assets, including deductions related to stock-based compensation expense. In addition, we did not capitalize any stock-based compensation expense as part of the cost of an asset for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011. At December 31, 2013, there was unrecognized compensation cost of $1 million related to options, $26 million related to restricted stock and nil related to restricted stock units, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.7 years for options, 1.1 years for restricted stock and 0.4 years for restricted stock units. We issue new shares from our share reserves set aside for the Calpine Equity Incentive Plans and employment inducement options when stock options are exercised and for other share-based awards. A summary of all of our non-qualified stock option activity for the Calpine Equity Incentive Plans for the year ended December 31, 2013, is as follows:
| Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Term (in years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Outstanding — December 31, 2012 | 17,862,501 |  |  | $ | 17.30 |  |  | 4.0 |  | $ | 42 |
Granted | 11,299 |  |  | $ | 18.34 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | 3,724,411 |  |  | $ | 13.70 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |
Expired | 35,100 |  |  | $ | 17.69 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding — December 31, 2013 | 14,114,289 |  |  | $ | 18.25 |  |  | 3.1 |  | $ | 36 |
Exercisable — December 31, 2013 | 12,475,493 |  |  | $ | 18.70 |  |  | 2.5 |  | $ | 29 |
Vested and expected to vest – December 31, 2013 | 14,038,217 |  |  | $ | 18.27 |  |  | 3.1 |  | $ | 36 |
The total intrinsic value of our employee stock options exercised was $22 million, $1 million and nil for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The total cash proceeds received from our employee stock options exercised was $20 million, $5 million and nil for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, was determined on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Certain assumptions were used in order to estimate fair value for options as noted in the following table.
| 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2011 |
Expected term (in years)(1) | 6.5 |  |  | 6.5 |  |  | 6.5 |  |
Risk-free interest rate(2) | 1.4 |  | % | 1.2 – 1.6 |  | % | 1.7 – 3.2 |  | %
Expected volatility(3) | 25.6 |  | % | 27.0 – 30.5 |  | % | 31.2 – 44.9 |  | %
Dividend yield(4) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Weighted average grant-date fair value (per option) | $ | 5.31 |  |  | $ | 5.18 |  |  | $ | 5.49 |  |
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(1) | Expected term calculated using the simplified method prescribed by the SEC due to the lack of sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis to estimate the expected term.
(2) | Zero Coupon U.S. Treasury rate or equivalent based on expected term.
(3) | Volatility calculated using the implied volatility of our exchange traded stock options.
(4) | We have never paid cash dividends on our common stock, and it is not anticipated that any cash dividends will be paid on our common stock in the near future.
A summary of our restricted stock and restricted stock unit activity for the Calpine Equity Incentive Plans for the year ended December 31, 2013, is as follows:
| Number of Restricted Stock Awards |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Nonvested — December 31, 2012 | 4,134,037 |  |  | $ | 14.33 |
Granted | 1,790,448 |  |  | $ | 18.47 |
Forfeited | 182,438 |  |  | $ | 16.17 |
Vested | 1,310,206 |  |  | $ | 12.57 |
Nonvested — December 31, 2013 | 4,431,841 |  |  | $ | 16.45 |
The total fair value of our restricted stock and restricted stock units that vested during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, was approximately $25 million, $20 million and $7 million, respectively. Liability Classified Share-Based Awards In February 2013, our Board of Directors approved the aggregate award of 449,798 performance share units to certain senior management employees. These performance share units will be settled in cash with payouts based on the relative performance of Calpine’s TSR over the three-year performance period of January 1, 2013 through December 31, 2015 compared with the TSR performance of the S&P 500 companies over the same period. The performance share units vest on the last day of the performance period and will be settled in cash; thus, these awards are liability classified and are measured at fair value using a Monte Carlo simulation model at each reporting date until settlement. The performance share units had a grant date fair value of $21.25 and stock-based compensation expense recognized related to these awards was $2 million for the year ended December 31, 2013

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- Definition The entire disclosure for compensation-related costs for equity-based compensation, which may include disclosure of policies, compensation plan details, allocation of equity compensation, incentive distributions, equity-based arrangements to obtain goods and services, deferred compensation arrangements, employee stock ownership plan details and employee stock purchase plan details. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6415400&loc=d3e5047-113901 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6415400&loc=d3e5070-113901 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 505 -SubTopic 50 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6406099&loc=d3e25284-112666 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 40 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6418621&loc=d3e17540-113929 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 4 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6415400&loc=d3e5444-113901 Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher SEC -Name Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) -Number Topic 14 + Details
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