v3.21.1
Income taxes
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2021
Income taxes  
Income taxes

12. Income taxes

Income tax expense of $119 and $45 reflects an effective tax rate of 1.8% and 1.0% for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Our effective tax rate differs from the statutory rate primarily due to our valuation allowance and minimum state taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.

We operate within federal, state and international taxing jurisdictions and are subject to audit in these jurisdictions. These audits can involve complex issues which may require an extended period to resolve. We are subject to taxation in the United States and in various states. Our tax years 2017 and forward are subject to examination by the IRS and our tax years 2016 and forward are subject to examination by material state jurisdictions. However, due to prior year loss carryovers, the IRS and state tax authorities may examine any tax years for which the carryovers are used to offset future taxable income.