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ACCOUNTING POLICIES, CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES AND JUDGMENTS | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2025
ACCOUNTING POLICIES, CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES AND JUDGEMENTS |
Accounting policies, critical accounting estimates and judgments | NOTE 1 – ACCOUNTING POLICIES, CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES AND JUDGMENTS Overview of Business TORM plc is a shipping company that primarily owns and operates a fleet of product tankers and is engaged in the marine engineering industry. TORM plc is a public company limited by shares and is incorporated in England and Wales. Its registered number is 09818726, and its registered address is 4th Floor, 120 Cannon Street, London, EC4N 6AS, United Kingdom (“UK”) .Unless otherwise indicated, the terms “TORM plc” and “Parent Company” refers solely to TORM plc and the terms “we”, “us”, “our”, the ”Company”, and the “Group” refer to TORM plc and its consolidated subsidiaries which include TORM A/S. TORM plc is listed on Nasdaq in Copenhagen, Denmark, under the symbol “TRMD A”, on Nasdaq in New York, the United States, under the symbol “TRMD”, as well as having bonds listed on Oslo Stock Exchange, Norway. Basis of Preparation The consolidated financial statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with UK-adopted International Accounting Standards (“UK-adopted IAS”) and with the provisions of the Companies Act 2006. The consolidated financial statements are also prepared in accordance with IFRS Accounting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”) and IFRS as adopted by the European Union (“EU”), as applied to financial periods beginning on or after January 01, 2025 and additional disclosure requirements for listed companies (class D) in accordance with the Danish Financial Statements Act. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis and under the historical cost convention, except where fair value accounting is specifically required by IFRS. The functional currency of the Company is USD, and the Company applies USD as the presentation currency in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements. Going Concern As of 31 December 2025, TORM’s available liquidity including undrawn and committed facilities was USD 562.3m, including a total cash position of USD 163.5m (including restricted cash of USD 5.4m). TORM’s net interest-bearing debt was USD 848.4m, and the net loan-to-value ratio was 29.4% (Tanker segment only). Further information on TORM’s objectives and policies for managing our capital, our financial risk management objectives, and our exposure to credit and liquidity risk can be found in financial statement Note 24. TORM monitors its funding position throughout the year to ensure that it has access to sufficient funds to meet the forecasted cash requirements and loan commitments, and to monitor compliance with the financial covenants in its loan facilities, details available in financial statement Note 2. A key element for TORM’s financial performance in the going concern period relates to the increased geopolitical risks and trade disputes. TORM’s base case assumes that these dynamics will persist. TORM monitors the general development in the geopolitical situation and potential effects on the product tanker market. In the base case, TORM has sufficient liquidity and headroom for all the covenant limits. The principle risks and uncertainties facing TORM are set out on pages 14 - 17 in the Annual Report 2025. In addition to the base case, TORM has developed a reverse stress case. The reverse stress case covers the lowest TCE rate that only just meets the minimum liquidity covenant and the lowest vessel values that do not breach any of the facilities’ minimum-security values in the period. In the reverse stress case, with TCE rates significantly below the lowest rolling four-quarter average observed since 2000 on each vessel class basis accompanied by a corresponding decline in vessel values, TORM maintains sufficient headroom on liquidity and covenants throughout the going concern period. The Board of Directors has considered TORM’s cash flow forecasts and the expected compliance with TORM’s financial covenants for the period until 31 March 2027. Based on this review, the Board of Directors has a reasonable expectation that taking reasonably possible changes in trading performance and vessel valuations into account, TORM will be able to continue in operation and comply with our financial covenants for the period until 31 March 2027. Accordingly, TORM continues to adopt the going concern basis in preparing our financial statements. NOTE 1 – continued Adoption of New or Amended IFRS Standards IASB has issued a number of new or amended accounting standards (IFRS) and interpretations (IFRIC). TORM has implemented the following standards and amendments issued by the IASB and adopted by the UK and the EU in the consolidated financial statements for 2025: Amendments to IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates: Lack of Exchangeability For the new standards and amendments, it is assessed that application of these effective on January 01, 2025 has not had any accounting or disclosure impact on the consolidated financial statements in 2025. The below have been issued by the IASB and adopted by the UK and the EU but have not yet come into effect for consolidated financial statements of Annual Improvements to IFRS Accounting Standards - Volume 11 (January 2026 Amendments to IFRS 9 and IFRS 7: Amendments to the Classification and Measurement of Financial Instruments (January 2026) Amendments to IFRS 9 and IFRS 7: Contracts Referencing Nature dependent Electricity (January 2026) IFRS 18 Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements (January 2027) The below have been issued by the IASB and not yet adopted by the UK and the EU and not yet come into effect: •IFRS 19 Subsidiaries without Public Accountability: Disclosures (January 2027) •IFRS 10 and IAS 28 (amendments) Sale or Contribution of Assets between an Investor and its Associate or Joint Venture issued in September 2014 (deferred indefinitely) TORM has assessed the accounting standards and interpretations above and TORM does not expect the new standards to have any material impact on neither TORM’s figures nor the disclosures, except IFRS 18. IFRS 18 introduces new requirements for presentation within the consolidated income statement, including specified totals and subtotals. Furthermore, it is required to classify all income and expenses within the consolidated income statement into one of five categories: operating, investing, financing, income taxes and discontinued operations. The standard also requires disclosure of management-defined performance measures, subtotals of income and expenses, which will have a limited impact as TORM already disclose alternative performance measures. TORM expects only limited impact from IFRS 18 on the consolidated income statement primarily related to reclassification of interest income from cash and cash equivalents, certain financial expenses and exchange rate differences into the respective operating and investing categories of the consolidated income statement with a similar impact on the consolidated cash flow statement from these items. In addition, financial items arising from financing facilities will be reclassified into the financing activities of the consolidated cash flow statement. NOTE 1 – continued Accounting Policies The Group’s material Accounting Policy information is provided below in combination with the accounting policies described in each of the individual notes to the consolidated financial statements as outlined in the following notes: •Segment reporting •Revenue from contracts with customers •Staff costs •Intangible assets •Tangible fixed assets •Leasing •Impairment •Inventories •Financial items •Trade receivables •Tax •Other liabilities •Borrowings •Derivative financial instruments •Earnings per share Consolidation Principles The consolidated financial statements comprise the financial statements of the parent company, TORM plc and entities controlled by the Company and its subsidiaries. Control is achieved when the Company has all the following: •Power over the investee •Exposure, or rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee •The ability to use its power over the investee to affect the amounts of the investor’s returns TORM reassesses whether it controls an investee if facts and circumstances indicate that there are changes to one or more of the three elements of control listed above. When the Company has less than a majority of the voting rights of an investee, it has power over the investee when the voting rights are sufficient to give it the practical ability to direct the relevant activities unilaterally. The Company considers all facts and circumstances in assessing whether or not the Company’s voting rights in an investee are sufficient to give it power, including: •The size of the Company’s holding of voting rights relative to the size and dispersion of holdings of the other vote holders •Potential voting rights held by the Company, other vote holders, or other parties •Rights arising from other contractual arrangements •Any additional facts and circumstances which indicate that the Company has, or does not have, the current ability to direct the relevant activities at the time when decisions need to be made, including voting pattern at previous shareholders’ meetings Entities in which the Group exercises significant but not controlling influence are regarded as associated companies and are accounted for using the equity method. Companies which are managed jointly by agreement with one or more companies and therefore are subject to joint control (joint ventures) are accounted for using the equity method. NOTE 1 – continued Consolidation of a subsidiary begins when the Company obtains control over the subsidiary and ends when the Company loses control over the subsidiary. Specifically, income and expenses of a subsidiary acquired or disposed of during the year are included in the consolidated income statement and other comprehensive income from the date on which the Company obtains control until the date when the Company loses control over the subsidiary. The consolidated financial statements are prepared using consistent accounting policies and eliminating intercompany transactions, balances, and shareholdings as well as gains and losses on transactions between the consolidated entities. Foreign Currencies The functional currency of all significant entities, including subsidiaries and associated companies, is United States Dollars (USD) because the Company’s vessels operate in international shipping markets, in which income and expenses are settled in USD, and because the Company’s most significant assets and liabilities in the form of vessels and related liabilities are denominated in USD. Transactions in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency at the transaction date. Cash, receivables and payables and other monetary items denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rate at the balance sheet date. Gains or losses due to differences between the exchange rate at the transaction date and the exchange rate at the settlement date or the balance sheet date are recognized in the income statement under “Financial income” and “Financial expenses”. The reporting currency of the Company is USD. Upon recognition of entities with functional currencies other than USD, the financial statements are translated into USD. Income statement items are translated into USD at the exchange rate for each transaction, whereas balance sheet items are translated at the exchange rate as of the balance sheet date. Exchange differences arising from the translation of financial statements into USD are recognized as a separate component in “Other comprehensive income”. On the disposal of an entity, the cumulative amount of the exchange differences recognized in the separate component of equity relating to that entity is transferred to the income statement as part of the gain or loss on disposal. Income Statement Port expenses, bunkers, and commissions and other costs of goods and services sold Port expenses, bunker fuel consumption, commissions, and other costs of goods sold are recognized as incurred. To the extent that the costs are recoverable, costs directly attributable to relocate the vessel to the load port are capitalized and amortized over the course of the transportation period. Gains and losses on forward bunker contracts, forward freight agreements (FFA) as well as write-down for losses on trade receivables are included in this line. Operating expenses Operating expenses, which comprise crew expenses, repair and maintenance expenses, and tonnage duty, are expensed as incurred. Profit from sale of vessels Profit from sale of vessels is recognized at the time of delivery to the buyer, representing the difference between the sales price less costs to sell and the carrying value of the vessel. Administrative expenses Administrative expenses, which comprise administrative staff costs, management costs, office expenses, and other expenses relating to administration, are expensed as incurred. Other operating expenses and income Other operating expenses primarily comprise management fees paid to commercial and technical managers for managing the fleet, profits and losses deriving from the disposal of fixed assets other than vessels as well as claims and disputes provisions. NOTE 1 – continued Depreciation and impairment losses and reversals of impairment losses Depreciation and impairment losses comprise depreciation of tangible fixed assets for the year as well as the write-down of the value of assets by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its recoverable amount. In the event of indication of impairment, the carrying amount is assessed, and the value of the asset is written down to its recoverable amount equal to the higher of value in use based on net present value of future earnings from the assets and its fair value less costs to sell. Subsequent reversal of impairment losses is recognized if the recoverable amount exceeds the carrying amount to the extent that the carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount without any historical impairment losses. Balance Sheet Financial assets Financial assets are initially recognized on the settlement date at fair value plus transaction costs, except for financial assets at fair value through profit or loss, which are recognized at fair value. Financial assets are derecognized when the rights to receive cash flows from the assets have expired or have been transferred. Investments in joint ventures Investments in joint ventures comprise investments in companies which by agreement are managed jointly with one or more companies and therefore are subject to joint control and in which the parties have rights to the net assets of the joint venture. Joint ventures are accounted for using the equity method. Under the equity method, the investment in joint ventures is initially recognized at cost and thereafter adjusted to recognize TORM’s share of the profit or loss in the joint venture. When TORM’s share of losses in a joint venture exceeds the investment in the joint venture, TORM discontinues recognizing its share of further losses. Additional losses are recognized only to the extent that TORM has incurred legal or constructive obligations or made payments on behalf of the joint venture. Treasury shares Treasury shares are recognized as a separate component of equity at cost. Upon subsequent disposal of treasury shares, any consideration is also recognized directly in equity. Dividend Interim dividends are recognized when paid. Any year-end dividend is recognized as a liability at the date of approval at the AGM. Other non-current liabilities Other non-current liabilities consist of long-term employee-related liabilities related to the frozen Danish holiday funds in connection with the transition to the new Danish Holiday Act. TORM has elected to keep the holiday funds until the employees, covered at the transition date, reach the age of retirement. The liability is remeasured annually based on an index rate published by the Holiday Allowance fund. Trade payables Trade payables are recognized at the fair value of the item purchased and are subsequently measured at amortized cost. Deferred income Deferred income relates to amounts received from customers in advance of the related performance obligations being satisfied. NOTE 1 – continued Cash flow statement The cash flow statement shows how income and changes in the balance sheet items affect cash and cash equivalent, i.e. how cash is generated or used in the period. The cash flow statement is presented in accordance with the indirect method commencing with “Net profit/(loss) for the year”. Cash flow from operating activities converts income statement items from the accrual basis of accounting to cash basis. Starting with “Net profit/(loss) for the year”, non-cash items are reversed, and actual payments are included. Further, the change in working capital is taken into account. Cash flow from investing activities comprises the cash used or received in the purchase and sale of tangible fixed assets and financial assets as well as cash from business combinations. Cash flow from financing activities comprises changes in the cash used or received in borrowings (amount of new borrowings and repayments), purchases or sales of treasury shares, dividends paid to shareholders. Cash and cash equivalents including restricted cash comprise cash and short-term bank deposits with an original maturity of three months or less. The carrying amount of these assets is approximately equal to their fair value. Cash and cash equivalents including restricted cash at the end of the reporting period are shown in the consolidated cash flow statement and can be reconciled to the related items in the consolidated balance sheet. The restricted cash balance relates to cash provided as security for initial margin calls and negative market values on derivatives as well as a sale and leaseback transaction prepayment to be released upon delivery of the vessel. Critical Accounting Estimates and Judgments The preparation of financial statements in accordance with IFRS requires the Management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates and assumptions are affected by the way TORM applies its accounting policies. An accounting estimate is considered critical if the estimate requires the Management to make assumptions about matters subject to significant uncertainty, if different estimates could reasonably have been used, or if changes in the estimate that would have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations are reasonably likely to occur from period to period. The Management believes that the accounting estimates applied are appropriate and the resulting balances are reasonable. However, actual results could differ from the original estimates requiring adjustments to these balances in future periods. The Management also makes various accounting judgments in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements which can affect the amounts recognized. Judgments The Management has assessed that TORM has two cash-generating units (CGUs), being the Tanker Fleet and the Marine Engineering cash-generating units. The Tanker Fleet is comprised of TORM’s LR1, LR2 and MR vessels, which are largely interchangeable, and the cash flows generated by them are interdependent. These vessels are operated via the One TORM platform collectively as a combined internal pool, employed principally in the spot market, and actively managed to meet the needs of our customers in that market, particularly regarding the location of vessels meeting required specifications and the price of transport rather than vessel class. Given the technical specifications and capacity of vessels, the Tanker Fleet is relatively homogenous with a very high degree of interoperability. All vessels in the Tanker Fleet can handle multiple sizes of cargo and sail all seas and oceans, over both shorter and long distances. The Tanker Fleet is monitored and managed on an aggregated level as one pool, i.e. each vessel or vessel class does not generate cash inflows which are largely independent of those from other vessels or vessel classes. The MR vessels acquired in prior years with chemical trading capability are operated as all other product tanker vessels and thus included in the Tanker Fleet CGU. NOTE 1 – continued In addition, the activities within the Marine Engineering segment represent a single CGU because cash inflows are generated independent of the cash inflows from the Tanker Fleet from serving the existing external customer base of the Marine Engineering segment. Estimates Carrying amounts of vessels The Company evaluates the carrying amounts of the vessels to determine if events have occurred which would require a modification of their carrying amounts. The recoverable amount of vessels is reviewed based on events or changes in circumstances which would indicate that the carrying amount of its vessels might not be recoverable. In assessing the recoverability of the vessels, the Company reviews certain indicators of potential impairment or indication of any past impairment losses that should be reversed. If an indication of impairment or reversal of past impairment is identified, the need for recognizing an impairment loss or a recognition of a reversal of a past impairment loss is assessed by comparing the carrying amount of the vessels to the higher of the fair value less costs of disposal and the value in use. The Management assesses indicators of impairment that include, but are not limited to, broker vessel values, time charter rates, weighted average cost of capital, and any other adverse impacts from current economic, environmental, and geopolitical uncertainty, as well as the carrying amount of the net assets against the market capitalization. The fair value less cost of disposal of the vessels is based on the market approach which considers the valuations from two internationally acknowledged shipbrokers with appropriate qualifications and recent experience in the valuation of vessels. The shipbrokers’ primary input is deadweight tonnage, yard, and age of the vessel. The fair value assumes that the vessels are in good and seaworthy condition and with prompt, charter-free delivery. The assessment of the value in use is based on projection of future discounted cash flows related to the vessels which is complex and requires the Company to make various estimates including future freight rates, utilization, earnings from the vessels, future operating expenses and capital expenditure including dry-docking costs and discount rates All these factors have been historically volatile, especially the freight rates. The carrying amounts of TORM’s vessels may not represent their fair market value at any point in time, as market prices of second-hand vessels to a certain degree tend to fluctuate with changes in freight rates and the cost of newbuildings. However, if the estimated future cash flow or related assumptions in the future change, an impairment write-down or reversal of impairment may be required. For more information refer to Note 12.

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