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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2018
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies |
Basis of Presentation | Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of AV Homes, Inc. and all subsidiaries, partnerships and other entities in which AV Homes, Inc. (“AV Homes,” “we,” “us,” “our,” or “the Company”) has a controlling interest. The interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared, without audit, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Accordingly, they do not include all information and footnotes required by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for complete financial statements. These statements reflect all normal and recurring adjustments that, in the opinion of management, are necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of AV Homes as of March 31, 2018 and for all periods presented. These statements should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in AV Homes’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. For comparative purposes, certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. We have no components of comprehensive income (loss); therefore, net income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) are the same for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017.
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash | Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with an initial maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. As of March 31, 2018, our cash and cash equivalents were invested primarily in money market accounts. Due to the short maturity period of the cash equivalents, the carrying amounts of these instruments approximate their fair values. Our cash items that are restricted as to withdrawal or usage include deposits of $1.3 million and $1.2 million as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Our restricted cash is comprised mainly of customer deposits held in a third-party escrow account and cash held to guarantee our performance to construct improvements in certain communities. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets to the amounts shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows as of March 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):
|  | March 31, |  | March 31, |
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 175,187 |  | $ | 58,595 |
Restricted cash |  |  | 1,329 |  |  | 1,546 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | 176,516 |  | $ | 60,141 |
Receivables | Receivables Receivables primarily consist of amounts in transit or due from title companies for home closings and for rebates.
Land and Other Inventories and Homebuilding Cost of Revenue | Land and Other Inventories and Homebuilding Cost of Revenue Land and other inventories include expenditures for land acquisition, land development, home construction, construction costs for amenities, and direct and allocated indirect costs, including interest cost capitalized until development and construction are substantially completed. These costs are assigned to components of land and other inventories based on specific identification, relative sales value, or area allocation methods. Land and other inventories are stated at cost unless the asset is determined to be impaired, in which case the asset is written to its fair value, in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 360, Property, Plant and Equipment (“ASC 360”). Homebuilding cost of revenue is comprised of direct and allocated costs, including estimated future costs for the limited warranty we provide on our homes. Land acquisition, land development and other common costs are generally allocated on a relative sales value or area allocation basis to the homes or lots within the applicable community or land parcel. Land acquisition and land development costs include related interest and real estate taxes during the period of time under development. We evaluate our land and other inventories for impairment on a quarterly basis in accordance with ASC 360 to reflect market conditions, including a consideration of supply of new and resale homes for sale in the respective market, level of foreclosure activity and competition. For assets held and used, if indicators are present, we perform an impairment test by comparing the estimated future undiscounted cash flows to be generated by the asset to its carrying value. If such cash flows are less than the asset’s carrying value, the carrying value is written down to its estimated fair value. Generally, fair value is determined by discounting the estimated cash flows at a rate commensurate with the inherent risks associated with the asset and related estimated cash flow streams. The discount rate used in the determination of fair value would vary, depending on the state of development. Assumptions and estimates used in the determination of the estimated future cash flows are based on several factors, including expectations of future operations and economic conditions. Changes to these assumptions could significantly affect the estimates of future cash flows, which could affect the potential for future impairments. Due to the uncertainties of the estimation process, actual results could differ significantly from such estimates. During the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, our impairment assessments resulted in $0.7 million and $0.1 million of impairment charges, respectively, and are included in homebuilding cost of revenue in the consolidated statements of operations.
Property and Equipment, net | Property and Equipment, net Property and equipment, net are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation, and depreciation is computed by the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives of the assets: land improvements 5 to 15 years; buildings and improvements 3 to 40 years; and machinery, equipment and fixtures 3 to 10 years. Maintenance and operating expenses of equipment utilized in the development of land are capitalized to land inventory. All other repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Property and equipment includes amenity assets such as club facilities on properties we own. The cost of amenity assets includes expenditures for land acquisition, construction, land development and direct and allocated costs. Property and equipment owned and constructed by us also includes interest cost incurred during development and construction. Each reporting period, we review our property and equipment for indicators of impairment in accordance with ASC 360. For our amenities, which are located within our housing communities, indicators of impairment are similar to those of our housing communities (described above), as these factors may impact our ability to generate revenues at our amenities or cause construction costs to increase. In addition, we factor in the collectability and potential delinquency of the fees due for our amenity memberships. During the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, we did not identify indicators of impairment for our property and equipment.
Investments in Unconsolidated Entities | Investments in Unconsolidated Entities We participate in entities in which we own less than 100% of the equity interests. One entity in which we have a 58% equity interest was formed for the purpose of acquiring and developing land in our Encore active adult community in Arizona, while the other is a mortgage joint venture in which we have a 50% equity interest and was formed in the fourth quarter of 2017 to serve as a preferred lender for homebuyers in our markets, along with other related services. We determine the method for accounting for our investments at inception or upon a reconsideration event. We share in the profits and losses of unconsolidated entities generally in accordance with our ownership interests. Earnings from investments in unconsolidated entities is included within interest income and other in our consolidated statement of operations. We and our equity partners make initial and ongoing capital contributions to these unconsolidated entities on a pro-rata basis. The obligation to make capital contributions is governed by each unconsolidated entity’s respective operating agreement or other governing documents. The balance of our investments in unconsolidated entities was $0.2 million and $0.3 million as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, and is included in prepaid expenses and other assets in our consolidated balance sheets.
Goodwill | Investments in Unconsolidated Entities We participate in entities in which we own less than 100% of the equity interests. One entity in which we have a 58% equity interest was formed for the purpose of acquiring and developing land in our Encore active adult community in Arizona, while the other is a mortgage joint venture in which we have a 50% equity interest and was formed in the fourth quarter of 2017 to serve as a preferred lender for homebuyers in our markets, along with other related services. We determine the method for accounting for our investments at inception or upon a reconsideration event. We share in the profits and losses of unconsolidated entities generally in accordance with our ownership interests. Earnings from investments in unconsolidated entities is included within interest income and other in our consolidated statement of operations. We and our equity partners make initial and ongoing capital contributions to these unconsolidated entities on a pro-rata basis. The obligation to make capital contributions is governed by each unconsolidated entity’s respective operating agreement or other governing documents. The balance of our investments in unconsolidated entities was $0.2 million and $0.3 million as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, and is included in prepaid expenses and other assets in our consolidated balance sheets. Goodwill Goodwill arises from business combinations and represents the excess of the consideration transferred for an acquired entity over the net fair value amounts that were assigned to the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying value. There were no indicators of impairment during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017.
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition We recognize homebuilding, amenity and land sales revenues in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), which requires revenue to be recognized in a manner to depict the transfer of goods or services to a customer at an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for those goods or services. Our homebuilding contracts require us to construct and deliver homes to our customers. The transaction price is stated in the final sales contract that is signed by the customer. Homebuilding revenue is recognized at closing when payment is due and when title to and possession of the property are transferred to the homebuyer. We own and operate certain amenities pursuant to recorded mandatory club plans, which require us to provide members with access to amenity facilities in exchange for the payment of club dues. We collect club dues and other fees from our members, which are billed on a monthly basis. Our performance obligation is to make available the club amenities on an ongoing basis. Accordingly, we recognize revenue over the period for which dues have been paid. Revenue from our golf club operations is also included in amenity revenue and is recognized as the service is provided. Our contracts for sales of land involve the selling of real property. The transaction price is stated in the final sales contract that is signed by the customer. Land sales revenue is recognized at closing when payment is due and when title to and possession of the real property are transferred to the buyer. We report our revenue from contracts with customers by type of good or service and by geographical regions, as we believe this achieves the disclosure objective to depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. See the accompanying consolidated statement of operations, and segment operating statement in Note 7, Segment Information, for our disaggregated revenue disclosures. We have contract assets that consist of cash from home closings held in escrow for our benefit, typically for less than five days, which are considered deposits in-transit and classified as cash. Contract liabilities include earnest money deposits collected from home or land buyers pursuant to our written sales contracts. These deposits remain classified as liabilities and are recognized as revenue at the time of closing when full payment is received. If a contract is cancelled by a customer and the related deposit is non-refundable, the deposit is recognized as homebuilding or land sales revenue. See the accompanying consolidated balance sheets for our customer deposits balances as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we recognized $4.2 million of homebuilding revenue that was included in our customer deposit liability balance as of December 31, 2017. See Warranty Costs within Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for information on warranties and related obligations. A number of practical expedients are available in the application of the recognition and measurement principles with ASC 606. We have elected to apply the portfolio approach to our homebuilding and amenity contracts rather than evaluating individual contracts since the characteristics of each type of contract are similar. We reasonably expect that this election will not be materially different from the impact of applying ASC 606 on an individual contract basis. In addition, since our homebuilding and land sale contracts are typically completed in less than a year, we have not disclosed the transaction price for the remaining performance obligations as of the end of each reporting period or when we expect to recognize this revenue. For amenity contracts, we have elected to use the invoice practical expedient since we determined that we have a right to invoice an amount that corresponds directly with the value to the customer of our performance completed to date. See Recent Accounting Pronouncements within Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for further discussion.
Sales Incentives | Sales Incentives When sales incentives involve a discount on the selling price of the home, we record the discount as a reduction of revenue at the time of home closing. If the sales incentive requires us to provide a free product or service to the customer, the cost of the free product or service is recorded as homebuilding cost of revenue at the time of home closing. This includes the cost related to optional upgrades and seller-paid financing costs, closing costs, homeowners’ association fees, or merchandise.
Advertising Costs | Advertising Costs Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. During the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, advertising costs were $0.9 million and $0.8 million, respectively. Advertising costs, sales commissions and closing costs are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
Warranty Costs | Warranty Costs Warranty reserves for homes are established to cover estimated costs for materials and labor with regard to warranty-type claims to be incurred subsequent to the closing of a home. Reserves are determined based on historical data and other relevant factors. We have, and require our subcontractors to have, general liability, property, workers’ compensation, and other business insurance. These insurance policies protect us against a portion of our risk of loss from claims, subject to certain self-insured per occurrence and aggregate retentions, deductibles, and available policy limits. We may have recourse against subcontractors for certain claims relating to workmanship and materials. Warranty reserves are included in accrued and other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. During the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, changes in the warranty reserve consisted of the following (in thousands):
|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, |
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Accrued warranty reserve, beginning of period |  | $ | 4,916 |  | $ | 4,033 |
Reserve provided |  |  | 998 |  |  | 416 |
Payments |  |  | (1,291) |  |  | (959) |
Accrued warranty reserve, end of period |  | $ | 4,623 |  | $ | 3,490 |
Income Taxes | Income Taxes Our effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 was (23.9)% and 41.5%, respectively. Our effective tax rate is impacted by a number of factors, the most significant of which is the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”) on December 22, 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2017, our deferred tax assets were remeasured based on the corporate income tax rate change from 35% to 21%. Effective January 1, 2018, the lower federal rate of 21% and any other changes to tax laws affect the value of our deferred tax assets and the effective tax rate going forward. Our assessment of the TCJA was based on information available at the time of this report and results for the three months ended March 31, 2018. Future periods may differ from the impact disclosed herein due to, among other things, changes in interpretations and assumptions made by us, guidance that may be issued and actions we may take as a result of the TCJA. The overall impact of the TCJA is also subject to the effect of other provisions of the TCJA. We evaluate our deferred tax assets each period to determine if a valuation allowance is required based on whether it is “more likely than not” that some portion of the deferred tax assets would not be realized. The ultimate realization of these deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of sufficient taxable income during future periods. We conduct our evaluation by considering all available positive and negative evidence. This evaluation considers, among other factors, historical operating results, forecasts of future profitability, the duration of statutory carryforward periods, and the outlooks for the U.S. housing industry and broader economy. As of March 31, 2018, we do not have a valuation allowance related to our deferred tax assets. The accounting for deferred taxes is based upon estimates of future results. Differences between estimated and actual results could result in changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets that could have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position. Changes in existing tax laws could also affect actual tax results and the realization of deferred tax assets over time. Unrecognized tax benefits represent the difference between tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return and the benefits recognized for financial statement purposes. As of March 31, 2018, we had no unrecognized tax benefits. Any interest or penalties assessed have been immaterial to our financial results. In the event we are assessed any interest or penalties in the future, we plan to include them in our consolidated statements of operations as income tax expense.
Share-Based Compensation | Share-Based Compensation The Amended and Restated 1997 Incentive and Capital Accumulation Plan (2011 Restatement), as amended (“Incentive Plan”), and the 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan (the “2015 Plan”) provide for the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, stock awards, performance awards, and stock units to officers, employees and directors of AV Homes. The exercise prices of stock options granted under the Incentive Plan and the 2015 Plan may not be less than the stock exchange closing price of our common stock on the date of grant. Stock option awards under the Incentive Plan and 2015 Plan generally expire 10 years after the date of grant. As of March 31, 2018, there were an aggregate of 1.2 million shares available for grant under the 2015 Plan and 0.7 million shares reserved for future issuance relating to stock options, performance share units, and restricted stock units previously awarded and currently outstanding under the 2015 Plan. Additionally, as of March 31, 2018, an aggregate of 0.4 million shares of our common stock were reserved for future issuance in connection with options and restricted stock units previously awarded under the Incentive Plan.
Earnings (Loss) Per Share | Earnings (Loss) Per Share Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings (loss) per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that then shared in the earnings of AV Homes. The computation of diluted earnings (loss) per share for the three months ended March 31, 2018 did not assume the effect of employee stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units or convertible notes because the effects were antidilutive. The computation of diluted earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2017 did not assume the effect of employee stock options or convertible notes because the effects were antidilutive. The following table represents a reconciliation of the net income (loss) and weighted average shares outstanding for the calculation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands, except per share amounts):
|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, |
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic net income (loss) |  | $ | (2,343) |  | $ | 2,439 |
Effect of dilutive securities |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Diluted net income (loss) |  | $ | (2,343) |  | $ | 2,439 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic weighted average shares outstanding |  |  | 22,570 |  |  | 22,471 |
Effect of dilutive securities |  |  | — |  |  | 247 |
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding |  |  | 22,570 |  |  | 22,718 |
Basic earnings (loss) per share |  | $ | (0.10) |  | $ | 0.11 |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share |  | $ | (0.10) |  | $ | 0.11 |
Recent Accounting Pronouncements | Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of AV Homes, Inc. and all subsidiaries, partnerships and other entities in which AV Homes, Inc. (“AV Homes,” “we,” “us,” “our,” or “the Company”) has a controlling interest. The interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared, without audit, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Accordingly, they do not include all information and footnotes required by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for complete financial statements. These statements reflect all normal and recurring adjustments that, in the opinion of management, are necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of AV Homes as of March 31, 2018 and for all periods presented. These statements should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in AV Homes’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. For comparative purposes, certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. We have no components of comprehensive income (loss); therefore, net income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) are the same for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017. Use of Estimates The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with an initial maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. As of March 31, 2018, our cash and cash equivalents were invested primarily in money market accounts. Due to the short maturity period of the cash equivalents, the carrying amounts of these instruments approximate their fair values. Our cash items that are restricted as to withdrawal or usage include deposits of $1.3 million and $1.2 million as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Our restricted cash is comprised mainly of customer deposits held in a third-party escrow account and cash held to guarantee our performance to construct improvements in certain communities. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets to the amounts shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows as of March 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):
|  | March 31, |  | March 31, |
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 175,187 |  | $ | 58,595 |
Restricted cash |  |  | 1,329 |  |  | 1,546 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | 176,516 |  | $ | 60,141 |
Receivables Receivables primarily consist of amounts in transit or due from title companies for home closings and for rebates. Land and Other Inventories and Homebuilding Cost of Revenue Land and other inventories include expenditures for land acquisition, land development, home construction, construction costs for amenities, and direct and allocated indirect costs, including interest cost capitalized until development and construction are substantially completed. These costs are assigned to components of land and other inventories based on specific identification, relative sales value, or area allocation methods. Land and other inventories are stated at cost unless the asset is determined to be impaired, in which case the asset is written to its fair value, in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 360, Property, Plant and Equipment (“ASC 360”). Homebuilding cost of revenue is comprised of direct and allocated costs, including estimated future costs for the limited warranty we provide on our homes. Land acquisition, land development and other common costs are generally allocated on a relative sales value or area allocation basis to the homes or lots within the applicable community or land parcel. Land acquisition and land development costs include related interest and real estate taxes during the period of time under development. We evaluate our land and other inventories for impairment on a quarterly basis in accordance with ASC 360 to reflect market conditions, including a consideration of supply of new and resale homes for sale in the respective market, level of foreclosure activity and competition. For assets held and used, if indicators are present, we perform an impairment test by comparing the estimated future undiscounted cash flows to be generated by the asset to its carrying value. If such cash flows are less than the asset’s carrying value, the carrying value is written down to its estimated fair value. Generally, fair value is determined by discounting the estimated cash flows at a rate commensurate with the inherent risks associated with the asset and related estimated cash flow streams. The discount rate used in the determination of fair value would vary, depending on the state of development. Assumptions and estimates used in the determination of the estimated future cash flows are based on several factors, including expectations of future operations and economic conditions. Changes to these assumptions could significantly affect the estimates of future cash flows, which could affect the potential for future impairments. Due to the uncertainties of the estimation process, actual results could differ significantly from such estimates. During the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, our impairment assessments resulted in $0.7 million and $0.1 million of impairment charges, respectively, and are included in homebuilding cost of revenue in the consolidated statements of operations. Property and Equipment, net Property and equipment, net are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation, and depreciation is computed by the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives of the assets: land improvements 5 to 15 years; buildings and improvements 3 to 40 years; and machinery, equipment and fixtures 3 to 10 years. Maintenance and operating expenses of equipment utilized in the development of land are capitalized to land inventory. All other repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Property and equipment includes amenity assets such as club facilities on properties we own. The cost of amenity assets includes expenditures for land acquisition, construction, land development and direct and allocated costs. Property and equipment owned and constructed by us also includes interest cost incurred during development and construction. Each reporting period, we review our property and equipment for indicators of impairment in accordance with ASC 360. For our amenities, which are located within our housing communities, indicators of impairment are similar to those of our housing communities (described above), as these factors may impact our ability to generate revenues at our amenities or cause construction costs to increase. In addition, we factor in the collectability and potential delinquency of the fees due for our amenity memberships. During the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, we did not identify indicators of impairment for our property and equipment. Investments in Unconsolidated Entities We participate in entities in which we own less than 100% of the equity interests. One entity in which we have a 58% equity interest was formed for the purpose of acquiring and developing land in our Encore active adult community in Arizona, while the other is a mortgage joint venture in which we have a 50% equity interest and was formed in the fourth quarter of 2017 to serve as a preferred lender for homebuyers in our markets, along with other related services. We determine the method for accounting for our investments at inception or upon a reconsideration event. We share in the profits and losses of unconsolidated entities generally in accordance with our ownership interests. Earnings from investments in unconsolidated entities is included within interest income and other in our consolidated statement of operations. We and our equity partners make initial and ongoing capital contributions to these unconsolidated entities on a pro-rata basis. The obligation to make capital contributions is governed by each unconsolidated entity’s respective operating agreement or other governing documents. The balance of our investments in unconsolidated entities was $0.2 million and $0.3 million as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, and is included in prepaid expenses and other assets in our consolidated balance sheets. Goodwill Goodwill arises from business combinations and represents the excess of the consideration transferred for an acquired entity over the net fair value amounts that were assigned to the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying value. There were no indicators of impairment during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017. Revenue Recognition We recognize homebuilding, amenity and land sales revenues in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), which requires revenue to be recognized in a manner to depict the transfer of goods or services to a customer at an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for those goods or services. Our homebuilding contracts require us to construct and deliver homes to our customers. The transaction price is stated in the final sales contract that is signed by the customer. Homebuilding revenue is recognized at closing when payment is due and when title to and possession of the property are transferred to the homebuyer. We own and operate certain amenities pursuant to recorded mandatory club plans, which require us to provide members with access to amenity facilities in exchange for the payment of club dues. We collect club dues and other fees from our members, which are billed on a monthly basis. Our performance obligation is to make available the club amenities on an ongoing basis. Accordingly, we recognize revenue over the period for which dues have been paid. Revenue from our golf club operations is also included in amenity revenue and is recognized as the service is provided. Our contracts for sales of land involve the selling of real property. The transaction price is stated in the final sales contract that is signed by the customer. Land sales revenue is recognized at closing when payment is due and when title to and possession of the real property are transferred to the buyer. We report our revenue from contracts with customers by type of good or service and by geographical regions, as we believe this achieves the disclosure objective to depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. See the accompanying consolidated statement of operations, and segment operating statement in Note 7, Segment Information, for our disaggregated revenue disclosures. We have contract assets that consist of cash from home closings held in escrow for our benefit, typically for less than five days, which are considered deposits in-transit and classified as cash. Contract liabilities include earnest money deposits collected from home or land buyers pursuant to our written sales contracts. These deposits remain classified as liabilities and are recognized as revenue at the time of closing when full payment is received. If a contract is cancelled by a customer and the related deposit is non-refundable, the deposit is recognized as homebuilding or land sales revenue. See the accompanying consolidated balance sheets for our customer deposits balances as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we recognized $4.2 million of homebuilding revenue that was included in our customer deposit liability balance as of December 31, 2017. See Warranty Costs within Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for information on warranties and related obligations. A number of practical expedients are available in the application of the recognition and measurement principles with ASC 606. We have elected to apply the portfolio approach to our homebuilding and amenity contracts rather than evaluating individual contracts since the characteristics of each type of contract are similar. We reasonably expect that this election will not be materially different from the impact of applying ASC 606 on an individual contract basis. In addition, since our homebuilding and land sale contracts are typically completed in less than a year, we have not disclosed the transaction price for the remaining performance obligations as of the end of each reporting period or when we expect to recognize this revenue. For amenity contracts, we have elected to use the invoice practical expedient since we determined that we have a right to invoice an amount that corresponds directly with the value to the customer of our performance completed to date. See Recent Accounting Pronouncements within Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for further discussion. Sales Incentives When sales incentives involve a discount on the selling price of the home, we record the discount as a reduction of revenue at the time of home closing. If the sales incentive requires us to provide a free product or service to the customer, the cost of the free product or service is recorded as homebuilding cost of revenue at the time of home closing. This includes the cost related to optional upgrades and seller-paid financing costs, closing costs, homeowners’ association fees, or merchandise. Advertising Costs Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. During the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, advertising costs were $0.9 million and $0.8 million, respectively. Advertising costs, sales commissions and closing costs are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Warranty Costs Warranty reserves for homes are established to cover estimated costs for materials and labor with regard to warranty-type claims to be incurred subsequent to the closing of a home. Reserves are determined based on historical data and other relevant factors. We have, and require our subcontractors to have, general liability, property, workers’ compensation, and other business insurance. These insurance policies protect us against a portion of our risk of loss from claims, subject to certain self-insured per occurrence and aggregate retentions, deductibles, and available policy limits. We may have recourse against subcontractors for certain claims relating to workmanship and materials. Warranty reserves are included in accrued and other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. During the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, changes in the warranty reserve consisted of the following (in thousands):
|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, |
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Accrued warranty reserve, beginning of period |  | $ | 4,916 |  | $ | 4,033 |
Reserve provided |  |  | 998 |  |  | 416 |
Payments |  |  | (1,291) |  |  | (959) |
Accrued warranty reserve, end of period |  | $ | 4,623 |  | $ | 3,490 |
Income Taxes Our effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 was (23.9)% and 41.5%, respectively. Our effective tax rate is impacted by a number of factors, the most significant of which is the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”) on December 22, 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2017, our deferred tax assets were remeasured based on the corporate income tax rate change from 35% to 21%. Effective January 1, 2018, the lower federal rate of 21% and any other changes to tax laws affect the value of our deferred tax assets and the effective tax rate going forward. Our assessment of the TCJA was based on information available at the time of this report and results for the three months ended March 31, 2018. Future periods may differ from the impact disclosed herein due to, among other things, changes in interpretations and assumptions made by us, guidance that may be issued and actions we may take as a result of the TCJA. The overall impact of the TCJA is also subject to the effect of other provisions of the TCJA. We evaluate our deferred tax assets each period to determine if a valuation allowance is required based on whether it is “more likely than not” that some portion of the deferred tax assets would not be realized. The ultimate realization of these deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of sufficient taxable income during future periods. We conduct our evaluation by considering all available positive and negative evidence. This evaluation considers, among other factors, historical operating results, forecasts of future profitability, the duration of statutory carryforward periods, and the outlooks for the U.S. housing industry and broader economy. As of March 31, 2018, we do not have a valuation allowance related to our deferred tax assets. The accounting for deferred taxes is based upon estimates of future results. Differences between estimated and actual results could result in changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets that could have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position. Changes in existing tax laws could also affect actual tax results and the realization of deferred tax assets over time. Unrecognized tax benefits represent the difference between tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return and the benefits recognized for financial statement purposes. As of March 31, 2018, we had no unrecognized tax benefits. Any interest or penalties assessed have been immaterial to our financial results. In the event we are assessed any interest or penalties in the future, we plan to include them in our consolidated statements of operations as income tax expense. Share-Based Compensation The Amended and Restated 1997 Incentive and Capital Accumulation Plan (2011 Restatement), as amended (“Incentive Plan”), and the 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan (the “2015 Plan”) provide for the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, stock awards, performance awards, and stock units to officers, employees and directors of AV Homes. The exercise prices of stock options granted under the Incentive Plan and the 2015 Plan may not be less than the stock exchange closing price of our common stock on the date of grant. Stock option awards under the Incentive Plan and 2015 Plan generally expire 10 years after the date of grant. As of March 31, 2018, there were an aggregate of 1.2 million shares available for grant under the 2015 Plan and 0.7 million shares reserved for future issuance relating to stock options, performance share units, and restricted stock units previously awarded and currently outstanding under the 2015 Plan. Additionally, as of March 31, 2018, an aggregate of 0.4 million shares of our common stock were reserved for future issuance in connection with options and restricted stock units previously awarded under the Incentive Plan. Earnings (Loss) Per Share Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings (loss) per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that then shared in the earnings of AV Homes. The computation of diluted earnings (loss) per share for the three months ended March 31, 2018 did not assume the effect of employee stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units or convertible notes because the effects were antidilutive. The computation of diluted earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2017 did not assume the effect of employee stock options or convertible notes because the effects were antidilutive. The following table represents a reconciliation of the net income (loss) and weighted average shares outstanding for the calculation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands, except per share amounts):
|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, |
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic net income (loss) |  | $ | (2,343) |  | $ | 2,439 |
Effect of dilutive securities |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Diluted net income (loss) |  | $ | (2,343) |  | $ | 2,439 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic weighted average shares outstanding |  |  | 22,570 |  |  | 22,471 |
Effect of dilutive securities |  |  | — |  |  | 247 |
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding |  |  | 22,570 |  |  | 22,718 |
Basic earnings (loss) per share |  | $ | (0.10) |  | $ | 0.11 |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share |  | $ | (0.10) |  | $ | 0.11 |
Recent Accounting Pronouncements In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805), Clarifying the Definition of a Business (“ASU 2017-01”). ASU 2017-01 clarifies the definition of a business with the objective of addressing whether transactions involving in-substance nonfinancial assets, held directly or in a subsidiary, should be accounted for as acquisitions or disposals of nonfinancial assets or of businesses. ASU 2017-01 was effective for us for the fiscal year and interim periods beginning January 1, 2018 and applied prospectively. The adoption of ASU 2017-01 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”). ASU 2016-15 reduces the existing diversity in practice in financial reporting across all industries by clarifying certain existing principles in ASC 230, Statement of Cash Flows (“ASC 230”), including providing additional guidance on how and what an entity should consider in determining the classification of certain cash flows. Additionally, in November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230), Restricted Cash (“ASU 2016-18”). ASU 2016-18 clarifies certain existing principles in ASC 230, including providing additional guidance related to transfers between cash and restricted cash and how entities present, in their statement of cash flows, the cash receipts and cash payments that directly affect the restricted cash accounts. Both ASU 2016-15 and ASU 2016-18 were effective for us for the fiscal year and interim periods beginning January 1, 2018 and were applied on a retrospective basis. The adoption of ASU 2016-15 and ASU 2016-18 resulted in changes in the presentation of certain items within the consolidated statements of cash flows but did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”). ASU 2016-02 will require organizations that lease assets–referred to as “lessees”–to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases. Under ASU 2016-02, a lessee will be required to recognize assets and liabilities for leases with lease terms of more than twelve months. Lessor accounting remains substantially similar to current GAAP. In addition, disclosures of leasing activities are to be expanded to include qualitative along with specific quantitative information. ASU 2016-02 is effective for us for fiscal years and interim periods beginning January 1, 2019. The standard mandates a modified retrospective transition method. We continue to evaluate the impact of adopting this guidance on our consolidated financial statements. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASU 2014-09”). The standard is a comprehensive new revenue recognition model that requires revenue to be recognized in a manner to depict the transfer of goods or services to a customer at an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 also affects certain industry-specific cost guidance. The FASB has also issued several updates to this standard. The standard was effective for us for annual and interim periods beginning January 1, 2018. We have applied the provisions of ASU 2014-09 on a modified retrospective basis to contracts that were not completed as of January 1, 2018 and concluded that there was no material change to the amount or timing of our homebuilding, amenity and other, and land sales revenues. Our homebuilding revenue currently includes forfeited customer deposits, and did not change under the new standard. However, the standard impacted the timing of recognition for certain selling costs related to model homes and sales offices. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2014-09, for selling communities, these costs were capitalized as land and other inventories and expensed as homes in the communities were closed in accordance with ASC 970-340. Upon adoption of ASC 2014-09, these capitalized selling costs were recorded as property and equipment in the amount of $5.3 million, while the remaining costs that would have been expensed under the new guidance are reflected as a $1.8 million reduction of retained earnings on January 1, 2018.

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- Definition Disclosure of accounting policy for standard warranties including the methodology for measuring the liability. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 460 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 8 -Subparagraph (b) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=68068213&loc=d3e12565-110249 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 3 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84158767&loc=d3e18780-107790 + Details
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- Definition Disclosure of accounting policy for the use of estimates in the preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 275 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 4 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84177426&loc=d3e6061-108592 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 275 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 9 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84177426&loc=d3e6143-108592 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 275 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 8 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84177426&loc=d3e6132-108592 + Details
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