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Principal Group subsidiaries and associated companies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Disclosure of subsidiaries [abstract] |
Principal Group subsidiaries and associated companies | 31. Principal Group subsidiaries and associated companies The following table lists the principal subsidiaries controlled by Novartis, associated companies in which Novartis is deemed to have significant influence, and foundations required to be consolidated under IFRS. It includes all subsidiaries, associated companies and consolidated foundations with total assets or net sales to third parties in excess of USD 25 million. The equity interest percentage shown in the table also represents the share in voting rights in those entities.
As at December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  | Share capital1 |  |  | Equity interest |
Algeria |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Société par actions SANDOZ |  | Algiers |  | DZD | 650.0 | m |  | 100% |
Argentina |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Argentina S.A. |  | Buenos Aires |  | ARS | 906.1 | m |  | 100% |
Australia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Australia Pty Ltd |  | Macquarie Park, NSW |  | AUD | 2 |  |  | 100% |
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia Pty Ltd |  | Macquarie Park, NSW |  | AUD | 3.8 | m |  | 100% |
Sandoz Pty Ltd |  | Macquarie Park, NSW |  | AUD | 11.6 | m |  | 100% |
Austria |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Austria GmbH |  | Vienna |  | EUR | 1.0 | m |  | 100% |
Novartis Pharma GmbH |  | Vienna |  | EUR | 1.1 | m |  | 100% |
Sandoz GmbH |  | Kundl |  | EUR | 32.7 | m |  | 100% |
EBEWE Pharma Ges.m.b.H Nfg. KG |  | Unterach am Attersee |  | EUR | 1.0 | m |  | 100% |
Bangladesh |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis (Bangladesh) Limited |  | Gazipur |  | BDT | 162.5 | m |  | 60% |
Belgium |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Pharma NV |  | Vilvoorde |  | EUR | 72.1 | m |  | 100% |
Sandoz NV |  | Vilvoorde |  | EUR | 19.2 | m |  | 100% |
Alcon - Couvreur NV |  | Puurs |  | EUR | 110.6 | m |  | 100% |
Bermuda |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Investment Ltd. |  | Hamilton 2 |  | USD | 12 000 |  |  | 100% |
Novartis Securities Investment Ltd. |  | Hamilton |  | CHF | 30 000 |  |  | 100% |
Novartis Finance Services Ltd. |  | Hamilton |  | CHF | 20 000 |  |  | 100% |
Triangle International Reinsurance Limited |  | Hamilton |  | CHF | 1.0 | m |  | 100% |
Trinity River Insurance Co Ltd. |  | Hamilton |  | USD | 370 000 |  |  | 100% |
Brazil |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Biociências S.A. |  | São Paulo |  | BRL | 507.1 | m |  | 100% |
Sandoz do Brasil Indústria Farmacêutica Ltda. |  | Cambé, PR |  | BRL | 190.0 | m |  | 100% |
Canada |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Canada Inc. |  | Dorval, Quebec |  | CAD | 1.2 | m |  | 100% |
Sandoz Canada Inc. |  | Boucherville, Quebec |  | CAD | 80.8 | m |  | 100% |
Chile |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Chile S.A. |  | Santiago de Chile |  | CLP | 2.0 | bn |  | 100% |
China |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beijing Novartis Pharma Co., Ltd. |  | Beijing |  | USD | 30.0 | m |  | 100% |
Novartis Pharmaceuticals (HK) Limited |  | Hong Kong |  | HKD | 200 |  |  | 100% |
China Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Co., Ltd. |  | Shanghai |  | USD | 320.0 | m |  | 100% |
Suzhou Novartis Technical Development Co., Ltd. |  | Changshu |  | USD | 12.0 | m |  | 100% |
Shanghai Novartis Trading Ltd. |  | Shanghai |  | USD | 3.2 | m |  | 100% |
Sandoz (China) Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. |  | Zhongshan |  | USD | 57.6 | m |  | 100% |
Colombia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis de Colombia S.A. |  | Santafé de Bogotá |  | COP | 7.9 | bn |  | 100% |
Croatia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sandoz d.o.o. farmaceutska industrija |  | Zagreb |  | HRK | 25.6 | m |  | 100% |
Czech Republic |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis s.r.o. |  | Prague |  | CZK | 51.5 | m |  | 100% |
Sandoz s.r.o. |  | Prague |  | CZK | 44.7 | m |  | 100% |
Denmark |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Healthcare A/S |  | Copenhagen |  | DKK | 14.0 | m |  | 100% |
Sandoz A/S |  | Copenhagen |  | DKK | 12.0 | m |  | 100% |
Ecuador |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Ecuador S.A. |  | Quito |  | USD | 4.0 | m |  | 100% |
Egypt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Pharma S.A.E. |  | Cairo |  | EGP | 1.3 | bn |  | 99.96% |
Sandoz Egypt Pharma S.A.E. |  | New Cairo City |  | EGP | 250 000 |  |  | 100% |
Finland |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Finland Oy |  | Espoo |  | EUR | 459 000 |  |  | 100% |
As at December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  | Share capital1 |  |  | Equity interest |
France |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Groupe France S.A. |  | Rueil-Malmaison |  | EUR | 903.0 | m |  | 100% |
Novartis Pharma S.A.S. |  | Rueil-Malmaison |  | EUR | 43.4 | m |  | 100% |
Novartis Gene Therapies France SAS |  | Rueil-Malmaison |  | EUR | 10 000 |  |  | 100% |
Advanced Accelerator Applications S.A. |  | Rueil-Malmaison |  | EUR | 9.6 | m |  | 99.23% |
Advanced Accelerator Applications Molecular Imaging France |  | Saint-Genis-Pouilly |  | EUR | 7.5 | m |  | 99.23% |
CELLforCURE |  | Les Ulis |  | EUR | 4.2 | m |  | 100% |
Sandoz S.A.S. |  | Levallois-Perret |  | EUR | 5.4 | m |  | 100% |
Germany |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Deutschland GmbH |  | Nuremberg |  | EUR | 155.5 | m |  | 100% |
Novartis Business Services GmbH |  | Wehr |  | EUR | 25 000 |  |  | 100% |
Novartis Pharma GmbH |  | Nuremberg |  | EUR | 25.6 | m |  | 100% |
Novartis Pharma Produktions GmbH |  | Wehr |  | EUR | 2.0 | m |  | 100% |
Sandoz International GmbH |  | Holzkirchen |  | EUR | 100 000 |  |  | 100% |
1 A Pharma GmbH |  | Holzkirchen |  | EUR | 26 000 |  |  | 100% |
HEXAL AG |  | Holzkirchen |  | EUR | 93.7 | m |  | 100% |
Salutas Pharma GmbH |  | Barleben |  | EUR | 42.1 | m |  | 100% |
Aeropharm GmbH |  | Rudolstadt |  | EUR | 26 000 |  |  | 100% |
Greece |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis (Hellas) S.A.C.I. |  | Metamorphosis / Athens |  | EUR | 233.9 | m |  | 100% |
Hungary |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Hungary Healthcare Limited Liability Company |  | Budapest |  | HUF | 545.6 | m |  | 100% |
Sandoz Hungary Limited Liability Company |  | Budapest |  | HUF | 883.0 | m |  | 100% |
India |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis India Limited |  | Mumbai |  | INR | 123.5 | m |  | 70.68% |
Novartis Healthcare Private Limited |  | Mumbai |  | INR | 60.0 | m |  | 100% |
Sandoz Private Limited |  | Mumbai |  | INR | 32.0 | m |  | 100% |
Indonesia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PT. Novartis Indonesia |  | Jakarta |  | IDR | 7.7 | bn |  | 100% |
Ireland |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Ireland Limited |  | Dublin |  | EUR | 25 000 |  |  | 100% |
Novartis Integrated Services Limited |  | Cork City |  | EUR | 100 |  |  | 100% |
Novartis Gene Therapies EU Limited |  | Dublin |  | EUR | 100 |  |  | 100% |
Israel |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Israel Ltd. |  | Tel Aviv |  | ILS | 1 000 |  |  | 100% |
Italy |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Farma S.p.A. |  | Milan |  | EUR | 18.2 | m |  | 100% |
Advanced Accelerator Applications (Italy) S.r.l. |  | Pozzilli |  | EUR | 119 000 |  |  | 99.23% |
Sandoz S.p.A. |  | Origgio |  | EUR | 1.7 | m |  | 100% |
Japan |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Pharma K.K. |  | Tokyo |  | JPY | 100.0 | m |  | 100% |
Ciba-Geigy Japan Limited |  | Tokyo |  | JPY | 100.0 | m |  | 100% |
Sandoz K.K. |  | Tokyo |  | JPY | 100.0 | m |  | 100% |
Latvia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Baltics SIA |  | Riga |  | EUR | 3.0 | m |  | 100% |
Luxembourg |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Investments S.à r.l. |  | Luxembourg City 2 |  | USD | 100.0 | m |  | 100% |
Novartis Finance S.A. |  | Luxembourg City |  | USD | 100 000 |  |  | 100% |
Malaysia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Corporation (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. |  | Petaling Jaya |  | MYR | 3.3 | m |  | 100% |
Mexico |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Farmacéutica, S.A. de C.V. |  | Mexico City |  | MXN | 205.0 | m |  | 100% |
Sandoz, S.A. de C.V. |  | Mexico City |  | MXN | 468.2 | m |  | 100% |
Morocco |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Pharma Maroc SA |  | Casablanca |  | MAD | 80.0 | m |  | 100% |
Netherlands |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Netherlands B.V. |  | Amsterdam |  | EUR | 1.4 | m |  | 100% |
Novartis Pharma B.V. |  | Amsterdam |  | EUR | 4.5 | m |  | 100% |
IDB Holland BV |  | Baarle-Nassau |  | EUR | 18 000 |  |  | 99.23% |
Sandoz B.V. |  | Almere |  | EUR | 907 560 |  |  | 100% |
New Zealand |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis New Zealand Ltd |  | Auckland |  | NZD | 820 000 |  |  | 100% |
As at December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  | Share capital1 |  |  | Equity interest |
Norway |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Norge AS |  | Oslo |  | NOK | 1.5 | m |  | 100% |
Pakistan |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Pharma (Pakistan) Limited |  | Karachi |  | PKR | 6.7 | bn |  | 99.99% |
Panama |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Pharma (Logistics), Inc. |  | Panama City |  | USD | 10 000 |  |  | 100% |
Philippines |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Healthcare Philippines, Inc. |  | Makati City |  | PHP | 298.8 | m |  | 100% |
Sandoz Philippines Corporation |  | Makati City |  | PHP | 30.0 | m |  | 100% |
Poland |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Poland Sp. z o.o. |  | Warsaw |  | PLN | 44.2 | m |  | 100% |
Sandoz Polska Sp. z o.o. |  | Warsaw |  | PLN | 25.6 | m |  | 100% |
Lek S.A. |  | Strykow |  | PLN | 11.4 | m |  | 100% |
Portugal |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Portugal, S.G.P.S., Lda. |  | Porto Salvo |  | EUR | 500 000 |  |  | 100% |
Novartis Farma - Produtos Farmacêuticos, S.A. |  | Porto Salvo |  | EUR | 2.4 | m |  | 100% |
Sandoz Farmacêutica, Lda. |  | Porto Salvo |  | EUR | 499 900 |  |  | 100% |
Romania |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Pharma Services Romania S.R.L. |  | Bucharest |  | RON | 3.0 | m |  | 100% |
Sandoz S.R.L. |  | Targu-Mures |  | RON | 119.5 | m |  | 100% |
Russian Federation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Pharma LLC |  | Moscow |  | RUB | 20.0 | m |  | 100% |
Novartis Neva LLC |  | St. Petersburg |  | RUB | 500.0 | m |  | 100% |
JSC Sandoz |  | Moscow |  | RUB | 57.4 | m |  | 100% |
Saudi Arabia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Saudi Ltd. |  | Riyadh |  | SAR | 30.0 | m |  | 100% |
Singapore |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis (Singapore) Pte Ltd. |  | Singapore |  | SGD | 100 000 |  |  | 100% |
Novartis Singapore Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Pte Ltd |  | Singapore |  | SGD | 45.0 | m |  | 100% |
Novartis Asia Pacific Pharmaceuticals Pte Ltd |  | Singapore |  | SGD | 39.0 | m |  | 100% |
Slovakia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Slovakia s.r.o. |  | Bratislava |  | EUR | 2.0 | m |  | 100% |
Slovenia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d. |  | Ljubljana |  | EUR | 48.4 | m |  | 100% |
Sandoz Pharmaceuticals d.d. |  | Ljubljana |  | EUR | 1.5 | m |  | 100% |
South Africa |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis South Africa (Pty) Ltd |  | Midrand |  | ZAR | 86.3 | m |  | 100% |
Sandoz South Africa (Pty) Ltd |  | Midrand |  | ZAR | 3.0 | m |  | 100% |
South Korea |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Korea Ltd. |  | Seoul |  | KRW | 24.5 | bn |  | 100% |
Spain |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Farmacéutica, S.A. |  | Barcelona |  | EUR | 63.0 | m |  | 100% |
Advanced Accelerator Applications Iberica, S.L.U. |  | Esplugues de Llobregat |  | EUR | 22.6 | m |  | 99.23% |
Sandoz Farmacéutica S.A. |  | Madrid |  | EUR | 270 450 |  |  | 100% |
Sandoz Industrial Products S.A. |  | Les Franqueses del Vallés / Barcelona |  | EUR | 9.3 | m |  | 100% |
Abadia Retuerta S.A. |  | Sardón de Duero / Valladolid |  | EUR | 6.0 | m |  | 100% |
Sweden |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Sverige AB |  | Stockholm |  | SEK | 5.0 | m |  | 100% |
Switzerland |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis International AG |  | Basel |  | CHF | 10.0 | m |  | 100% |
Novartis Holding AG |  | Basel 2 |  | CHF | 100.2 | m |  | 100% |
Novartis International Pharmaceutical Investment AG |  | Basel |  | CHF | 100 000 |  |  | 100% |
Novartis Bioventures AG |  | Basel |  | CHF | 100 000 |  |  | 100% |
Novartis Forschungsstiftung |  | Basel 3 |  | -- | -- |  |  | -- |
Novartis Stiftung für Kaderausbildung |  | Basel 3 |  | -- | -- |  |  | -- |
Novartis-Mitarbeiterbeteiligungsstiftung |  | Basel 3 |  | -- | -- |  |  | -- |
Novartis Stiftung für Mensch und Umwelt |  | Basel 3 |  | -- | -- |  |  | -- |
Stiftung der Novartis AG für Erziehung, Ausbildung und Bildung |  | Basel 3 |  | -- | -- |  |  | -- |
Novartis Overseas Investments AG |  | Basel |  | CHF | 1.0 | m |  | 100% |
Japat AG |  | Basel |  | CHF | 50 000 |  |  | 100% |
Novartis Pharma AG |  | Basel 2 |  | CHF | 350.0 | m |  | 100% |
Novartis Pharma Services AG |  | Basel |  | CHF | 20.0 | m |  | 100% |
Novartis Pharma Schweizerhalle AG |  | Muttenz |  | CHF | 18.9 | m |  | 100% |
Novartis Pharma Stein AG |  | Stein |  | CHF | 251 000 |  |  | 100% |
Novartis Pharma Schweiz AG |  | Risch |  | CHF | 5.0 | m |  | 100% |
Cellerys AG |  | Schlieren |  | CHF | 129 630 |  |  | 20% |
Arctos Medical AG |  | Bern |  | CHF | 360 020 |  |  | 100% |
Novartis Innovative Therapies AG |  | Risch |  | CHF | 100 000 |  |  | 100% |
Advanced Accelerator Applications International SA |  | Geneva |  | CHF | 9.3 | m |  | 99.23% |
Sandoz AG |  | Basel 2 |  | CHF | 5.0 | m |  | 100% |
Sandoz Pharmaceuticals AG |  | Risch |  | CHF | 100 000 |  |  | 100% |
As at December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  | Share capital1 |  |  | Equity interest |
Taiwan |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis (Taiwan) Co., Ltd. |  | Taipei |  | TWD | 170.0 | m |  | 100% |
Thailand |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis (Thailand) Limited |  | Bangkok |  | THB | 302.0 | m |  | 100% |
Turkey |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Saglik, Gida ve Tarim Ürünleri Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S. |  | Istanbul |  | TRY | 448.0 | m |  | 100% |
Farmanova Saglik Hizmetleri Ltd. Sti. |  | Istanbul |  | TRY | 6.7 | m |  | 100% |
Sandoz Ilaç Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S. |  | Istanbul |  | TRY | 880.0 | m |  | 99.99% |
Sandoz Grup Saglik Ürünleri Ilaçlari Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S. |  | Gebze - Kocaeli |  | TRY | 96.0 | m |  | 100% |
Ukraine |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sandoz Ukraine LLC |  | Kyiv |  | UAH | 8.0 | m |  | 100% |
United Arab Emirates |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Middle East FZE |  | Dubai |  | AED | 7.0 | m |  | 100% |
United Kingdom |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis UK Limited |  | London |  | GBP | 25.5 | m |  | 100% |
Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Limited |  | London |  | GBP | 5.4 | m |  | 100% |
Novartis Grimsby Limited |  | London |  | GBP | 250.0 | m |  | 100% |
Advanced Accelerator Applications (UK & Ireland) |  | London |  | GBP | 100 |  |  | 99.23% |
Neutec Pharma Limited |  | London |  | GBP | 7.7 | m |  | 100% |
Gyroscope Therapeutics Limited |  | London |  | GBP | 1 492 |  |  | 100% |
Sandoz Limited |  | Frimley / Camberley |  | GBP | 2.0 | m |  | 100% |
United States of America |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Corporation |  | East Hanover, NJ |  | USD | 72.2 | m |  | 100% |
Novartis Finance Corporation |  | East Hanover, NJ 2 |  | USD | 1 000 |  |  | 100% |
Novartis Capital Corporation |  | East Hanover, NJ |  | USD | 1 |  |  | 100% |
Novartis Services, Inc. |  | East Hanover, NJ |  | USD | 1 |  |  | 100% |
Novartis US Foundation |  | East Hanover, NJ 3 |  | -- | -- |  |  | -- |
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation |  | East Hanover, NJ 2 |  | USD | 650 |  |  | 100% |
Advanced Accelerator Applications USA, Inc. |  | Millburn, NJ |  | USD | 1 |  |  | 99.23% |
Novartis Gene Therapies, Inc. |  | Bannockburn, IL |  | USD | 1 |  |  | 100% |
Novartis Technology LLC |  | East Hanover, NJ |  | -- | -- |  |  | -- |
Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. |  | Cambridge, MA |  | USD | 1 |  |  | 100% |
Cadent Therapeutics |  | Cambridge, MA |  | USD | 0.1 |  |  | 100% |
Endocyte, Inc. |  | East Hanover, NJ |  | USD | 1 |  |  | 100% |
Navigate BioPharma Services, Inc. |  | Carlsbad, CA |  | USD | 1 |  |  | 100% |
The Medicines Company |  | East Hanover, NJ |  | USD | 1 000 |  |  | 100% |
Sandoz Inc. |  | Princeton, NJ |  | USD | 25 000 |  |  | 100% |
Oriel Therapeutics, Inc. |  | Durham, NC |  | USD | 50.0 | m |  | 100% |
Fougera Pharmaceuticals Inc. |  | Melville, NY |  | USD | 1 |  |  | 100% |
Eon Labs, Inc. |  | Princeton, NJ |  | USD | 1 |  |  | 100% |
Venezuela |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis de Venezuela, S.A. |  | Caracas |  | VES | 0 |  |  | 100% |
Vietnam |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Novartis Vietnam Company Limited |  | Ho Chi Minh City |  | VND | 70 | bn |  | 100% |
In addition, the Group is represented by subsidiaries and associated companies with total assets or net sales to third parties below USD 25 million in the following countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Guatemala, Ivory Coast, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, North Macedonia, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal and Uruguay.
1 Share capital may not reflect the taxable share capital and does not include any paid-in surplus.
2 Significant subsidiary under SEC Regulation S-X Rule 1-02(w)
3 Fully consolidated Foundation
m = million; bn = billion

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- Definition The disclosure of subsidiaries. [Refer: Subsidiaries [member]] + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Name IAS -Number 27 -IssueDate 2022-03-24 -Paragraph 17 -Subparagraph b -URI https://taxonomy.ifrs.org/xifrs-link?type=IAS&num=27&code=ifrs-tx-2022-en-r&anchor=para_17_b&doctype=Standard -URIDate 2022-03-24 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Name IAS -Number 27 -IssueDate 2022-03-24 -Paragraph 16 -Subparagraph b -URI https://taxonomy.ifrs.org/xifrs-link?type=IAS&num=27&code=ifrs-tx-2022-en-r&anchor=para_16_b&doctype=Standard -URIDate 2022-03-24 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Name IFRS -Number 12 -IssueDate 2022-03-24 -Paragraph B4 -Subparagraph a -URI https://taxonomy.ifrs.org/xifrs-link?type=IFRS&num=12&code=ifrs-tx-2022-en-r&anchor=para_B4_a&doctype=Appendix&subtype=B -URIDate 2022-03-24 + Details
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