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Other Intangible Assets
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Other Intangible Assets OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The following is a summary of Linde’s other intangible assets at December 31, 2020 and 2019:  
(Millions of dollars) For the year ended December 31, 2020Customer RelationshipsBrands/TradenamesOther Intangible AssetsTotal
Cost:
Balance, December 31, 2019$13,205 $2,764 $1,612 $17,581 
Additions 5 — 56 61 
Foreign currency translation632 134 47 813 
Disposals(2)— (20)(22)
Other *(64)(3)2 (65)
Balance, December 31, 202013,776 2,895 1,697 18,368 
Less: accumulated amortization:
Balance, December 31, 2019(885)(69)(490)(1,444)
Amortization expense (Note 7)(589)(45)(131)(765)
Foreign currency translation(53)(3)1 (55)
Disposals1 — 20 21 
Other *56 (1)4 59 
Balance, December 31, 2020(1,470)(118)(596)(2,184)
Net intangible asset balance at December 31, 2020$12,306 $2,777 $1,101 $16,184 
(Millions of dollars) For the year ended December 31, 2019Customer RelationshipsBrands/TradenamesOther Intangible AssetsTotal
Cost:
Balance, December 31, 2018$13,288 $2,288 $1,366 $16,942 
Additions 30 6 51 87 
Foreign currency translation(59)(21)(11)(91)
Measurement period adjustments(8)492 178 662 
Other *(46)(1)28 (19)
Balance, December 31, 201913,205 2,764 1,612 17,581 
Less: accumulated amortization:
Balance, December 31, 2018(317)(22)(380)(719)
Amortization expense (Note 7)(584)(47)(104)(735)
Foreign currency translation— — 2 2 
Other *16 — (8)8 
Balance, December 31, 2019(885)(69)(490)(1,444)
Net balance at December 31, 2019$12,320 $2,695 $1,122 $16,137 

*Other primarily relates to the write-off of fully amortized assets and reclassifications.
There are no expected residual values related to these intangible assets. Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $765 million, $735 million and $215 million, respectively. The remaining weighted-average amortization period for intangible assets is approximately 26 years.
Total estimated annual amortization expense related to finite-lived intangibles is as follows: 
(Millions of dollars) 
2021$729 
2022608 
2023581 
2024572 
2025529 
Thereafter11,173 
Total amortization related to finite-lived intangible assets14,192 
Indefinite-lived intangible assets at December 31, 20201,992 
Net intangible assets at December 31, 2020$16,184