Identified Intangible Assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

The changes in identified intangible assets were as follows:


			Total
Balance as of January 1, 2019
Cost			9,183
Accumulated amortization/impairment			(4,716)
Book value			4,467
Changes in book value:
Acquisitions/additions			683
Transfer to assets held for sale			(1)
Amortization			(1,529)
Total changes			(847)
Balance as of December 31, 2019
Cost			9,384
Accumulated amortization/impairment			(5,764)
Book value			3,620
Changes in book value:
Acquisitions/additions			63
Transfer to assets held for sale			—
Amortization			(1,398)
Impairment			(43)
Translation differences			—
Total changes			(1,378)
Balance as of December 31, 2020
Cost			9,249
Accumulated amortization/impairment			(7,007)
Book value			2,242

Identified intangible assets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 respectively were composed of the following:


	December 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
	Gross carrying amount	Accumulated amortization	Gross carrying amount	Accumulated amortization
IPR&D(1)	147	—	272	—
Marketing-related	81	(81)	81	(67)
Customer-related	957	(381)	968	(340)
Technology-based	8,064	(6,545)	8,063	(5,357)
Identified intangible assets	9,249	(7,007)	9,384	(5,764)

(1) IPR&D is not subject to amortization until completion or abandonment of the associated research and development effort.

The estimated amortization expense for these identified intangible assets for each of the five succeeding years is:

All intangible assets, excluding IPR&D and goodwill, are subject to amortization and have no assumed residual value.

The expected weighted average remaining life of identified intangibles is 4 years as of December 31, 2020.